HomeMy WebLinkAbout8268RESOLUTION NO 8268
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF REDLANDS
ADOPTING THE CITY OF REDLANDS HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN AS
REQUIRED BY THE FEDERAL DISASTER MITIGATION AND COST
REDUCTION ACT OF 2000
WHEREAS, President William J Clinton signed H. R. 707, the Disaster Mitigation and
Cost Reduction Act of 2000, into law on October 30, 2000; and
WHEREAS, the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires all jurisdictions to be covered by
a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan to be eligible for Federal Emergency Management Agency post -
disaster funds, and
WHERAS, local mitigation plans are required as a condition of receiving project grant
funds under the Hazard Mitigation Assistance Grants and Public Assistance Eligibility; and
WHEREAS, the city of Redlands' Fire Department has acted as the lead agency in the
development of the City of Redlands Hazard Mitigation Plan, and
WHEREAS, the City's Fire Department has coordinated the development of the Hazard
Mitigation Plan, and
WHEREAS, the City's Fire Department is concerned about mitigating potential losses
from natural disasters before they occur, and
WHEREAS, the plan identifies potential hazards, potential losses and potential mitigation
measures to limit losses, and
WHEREAS, the City of Redlands General Plan Safety Element references/incorporates the
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, and
WHEREAS, the California State Governor's Office of Emergency Services and Federal
Emergency Management Agency have reviewed the plan, and
WHEREAS, formal adoption of the plan by the Redlands City Council is required before
final approval of the plan can be obtained from the Federal Emergency Management Agency; and
WHEREAS, the City Council has determined that it would be in the best interests of the
City and its residents and visitors as a whole, to adopt the Hazard Mitigation Plan,
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Council of the City of Redlands as
follows
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I:\Resolutions\Res 8200-8299\8268 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan.docx
Section 1 The City Council adopts the City of Redlands Hazard Mitigation Plan, dated
November 2021, to meet the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation and Cost Reduction Act of
2000, and directs the Redlands Fire Department Emergency Management Division to forward the
Hazard Mitigation Plan to the Governor's Office of Emergency Services and Federal Emergency
Management Agency on behalf of the City for final approval
Section 2 A certified copy of the City of Redlands Hazard Mitigation Plan shall be
placed on file with the City Clerk's office and is available for viewing by the public
ADOPTED, SIGNED AND APPROVED this 16th d 0-fNo nber, 2021
ATTEST
e Donaldson, City Clerk
Paul T. Barich, Mayor
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I \Resolutions\Res 8200-8299\8268 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan.docx
I, Jeanne Donaldson, City Clerk of the City of Redlands, hereby certify that the foregoing
resolution was duly adopted by the City Council at a regular meeting thereof held on the 16th day
of November, 2021
AYES Councilmembers Foster, Tejeda, Davis, Guzman -Lowry, Mayor Banch
NOES None
ABSENT None
ABSTAINED None
JeaDonaldson, City Clerk
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I \Resolutions\Res 8200 8299\8268 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan.docx
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
November 2021
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
1 1 Purpose of the Plan 1
1 2 Scope of the Plan 1
1 3 Hazard Mitigation Planning Directive 1
1 4 Promulgation Authority 1
1 5 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Adoption 1
2 Planning Process 2
2 1 Overview 2
2 2 Methodology and Timeline 2
2 3 Planning Team 3
2 3 1 Members 3
2 3 2 Meetings 4
2 4 Community Stakeholder Involvement 4
2 4 1 Recurring Coordination 4
2 4 2 Stakeholder Mitigation Related Planning Resources 5
2 5 Public Outreach 5
2 5 1 LHMP Awareness Campaign 6
2 5 2 Mitigation Awareness Campaign 7
3 Community Profile 8
31 Location 8
3 2 Geography 9
3 3 History 10
3 4 Climate 11
3 5 Demographics 11
3 6 Economy 13
3 61 Major Employers in Redlands and Surrounding Vicinity 14
3 7 Land Use 15
3 71 Potential Land Use 15
3 7 2 Existing Land Use 17
3 7 3 Development Trends 18
3 8 Key Assets 19
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4 Capability Assessment 20
4 1 Personnel Resources 20
411 Government 20
412 Contractors 24
413 Volunteers 25
4 1 4 Mutual Aid 25
415 Partnerships 25
4 2 Mitigation Governance Resources 26
4 2 1 Laws, Regulations, Codes, and Ordinances 26
4 2 2 Plans, Reports, Studies 27
4 2 3 Programs 30
4 3 Technical Resources 32
4 3 1 Proficiencies and Expertise 32
4 3 2 Technology 32
4 3 3 Communications 32
4 4 Fiscal Resources 33
4 4 1 Government Fund 33
4 4 2 Proprietary and Fiduciary Funds 34
5 Hazard Assessment 35
5 1 Overview 35
5 2 Hazard Identification 35
5 3 Hazard Screening and Prioritization 36
5 4 Hazard Profiles 37
5 4 1 Tier l 37
5 4 2 Tier II 69
5 4 3 Tier III 86
6 RISK Assessment 89
6 1 Overview 89
6 2 Tier I Hazards 91
6 2 1 Earthquake 91
6 2 2 Energy Shortage/Power Outage 98
6 2 3 Flood 99
6 2 4 Infectious Disease 102
6 2 5 Wildfire 103
6 2 6 Windstorm 105
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6 3 Tier II and Tier III Hazards 106
6 3 1 Tier 1I Hazards 106
6 3 2 Tier III Hazards 107
7 Mitigation Strategy 109
7 1 Overview 109
7 2 Mitigation Goals and Objectives 109
7 3 Progress Implementing Mitigation Measures 110
7 4 Mitigation Measure Prioritization 111
7 5 Mitigation Measures 112
7 6 Mitigation Measure Implementation Plan 115
8 Plan Administration 120
8 1 Monitoring, Evaluating and Updating the Plan 120
8 2 Incorporation into Other Planning Efforts 120
8 3 Continued Stakeholder and Public Involvement 121
8 4 Point of Contact 121
PREFACE
Impacts from hazards are a challenge to jurisdictions, its leaders, and its citizens After catastrophic
disaster events communities can experience power outages, loss of telecommunications and water
service, limited access to fuel, and closed roadways in addition to significant damage to buildings, mass
injuries, and loss of life Depending on the magnitude of the event, recovery from these events can take
weeks, months, and in some instances, years The goal of many communities is to reduce the potential
impacts thus shortening the recovery time In emergency management, this is generally called mitigation
Mitigation is defined by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)-
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as "any action taken to
reduce and/or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from
natural hazards" Mitigation is one of the primary phases of the Disaster
Cycle and is the only phase specifically dedicated to breaking the cycle of
damage The goal of mitigation is to build resiliency within the community,
enabling a more efficient and effective response to and recovery from
disasters
To assist communities become more resilient to hazards, FEMA developed a program and guidance
around the creation of Local Hazard Mitigation Plans (LHMPs) LHMPs promote a comprehensive planning
process, requiring an assessment of local capabilities against impacts from hazards in order to identify
potential projects and/or strategies
With an approved and adopted LHMP, cities, counties, and special districts are eligible for Federal Hazard
Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grants offered through FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP),
Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC, formerly Pre -Disaster Mitigation- PDM), and
Flood Management Assistance (FMA) The HMA grants are a great source of funding to help implement
local mitigation actions identified in the LHMPs
This update to the City of Redlands LHMP built upon previous mitigation efforts in the City and
incorporated new, relevant information into the plan Part of this update process also includes reassessing
and reevaluating local capabilities (personnel resources, governance, technical skills, and fiscal
resources), community hazards (identification, impacts, and prioritization), and mitigation goals,
objectives, and measures/actions Significant consideration was given to acknowledging new (and
existing) challenges and issues facing the City (i e , pandemic, extension of the commuter rail, civil
disturbance, technology disruption, wind driven wildfire events) During this update, the City tried to take
a more comprehensive, strategic approach to the LHMP This led to reorganizing the plan and also adding,
renaming, and expanding hazards and mitigation actions
Because the LHMP must include information to meet federal requirements and guidance it includes
information not traditionally found in other planning documents This can lead to a large, cumbersome
document, making it difficult to easily access specific information In an attempt to ensure the LHMP
contains all required information and is user-friendly, it has been organized as follows
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Chapter 1 Introduction- provides information on the purpose of the plan, outlines the scope of
the work, and presents the adoption process and authority
Chapter 2 Planning Process- provides information on the methodology used to prepare the LHMP,
including a list of the Planning Team members and the public outreach efforts
Chapter 3: Community Profile- provides background information on the City, ensuring all Planning
Team members have a common understanding of the dynamics within the community
Chapter 4 Capabd►ty Assessment- provides information on the current mitigation efforts by the
City, including department roles and responsibilities, existing plans/programs/codes,
and available funding
Chapter 5 Hazard Assessment- provides information on hazards within the City and assesses the
priority of each hazard
Chapter 6 Vulnerability Assessment- provides information on the potential impacts, through
exposure and loss (damage) estimates for each hazard within the City
Chapter 7• Mitigation Strategies- provides information on the actions/projects the City is
proposing to address the vulnerabilities to the high -risk hazards within the City
Chapter 8 Plan Admin►stration- provides information on how the City intends to keep the LHMP
current, incorporate it into other efforts, and share it with the public
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1 INTRODUCTION
The Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) is a "living document" that should be reviewed, reevaluated,
monitored, and revised to reflect changing conditions and new information As required, the LHMP must
be updated every five (5) years to remain in compliance with regulations to receive Federal Hazard
Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grants The City of Redlands has had several approved and adopted LHMPs,
the latest being in 2015 This LHMP is an update to the 2015 City of Redlands LHMP
1.1 PURPOSE OF THE PLAT'
The purpose of this plan is to outline a mitigation strategy to help reduce and/or eliminate impacts from
hazards within the City of Redlands
1.2 SCOPE OF THE PLAI1
The scope of this plan is to 1) assess relevant existing conditions and capabilities within the City, 2)
identify potential hazards and their impacts within the City, and 3) propose mitigation actions to address
the impacts to the high -priority hazards within the City In support of the above scope, this update will
evaluate mitigation progress since the approved and adopted LHMP implement and document a
comprehensive planning process present actions to maintain and integrate the LHMP with other City
plans and, establish methods to continuously inform and educate the public on hazards and potential
actions that can be taken to reduce and/or eliminate impacts
13 HAZARD MITIGATenn► P► Ammit►n ngRECTIVF
In 2000, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) adopted revisions to Title 44 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (44 CFR) This revision is known as "Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA) 2000" Section 322
(a-d) of DMA 2000 requires that local governments, as a condition of receiving federal disaster mitigation
funds, have an approved and adopted Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) that describes the process for
assessing hazards, risks and vulnerabilities, identifying and prioritizing mitigation actions, and soliciting
input from the community (public), key stakeholders, and adjacent jurisdictions/agencies
1.4 PRnmiII (AT►nN AUTHORITY
The City Council is the legislative body of the City of Redlands It decides policy for the municipal
government, enacts laws, and oversees all activities of the City The City Council also serves as the
governing body of the City of Redlands Redevelopment Agency The promulgation authority is vested in
the members of the City Council A list of the members of Redlands City Council include
Mayor Paul Barich Council Member Paul Foster
Mayor Pro Tem Eddie Tejada Council Member Denise Davis
Council Member Jenna Guzman -Lowery
1.5 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN Annpr►nnw
The update of the City of Redlands LHMP was reviewed and adopted by the City Council on November 2,
2021 under Resolution RESOLUTION NUMBER A copy of the Resolution is in Appendix 1
2 PLANNING PROCESS
2.1 OVERVIEW
This section demonstrates the methodology used by the City of Redlands to develop the LHMP FEMA's
LHMP development guidance outlines recommended actions, emphasizing involving the "whole
community" in the planning process The whole community concept promotes the inclusion of not only
emergency managers but other City department representatives (e g , zoning, floodplain management,
public works, community, and economic development), as well as, outside partners (e g , surrounding
counties/cities, special districts, lifelines companies, businesses leaders) to participate in the LHMP effort
The concept also includes outreach to the general public to bring awareness to community hazards and
the planning effort Soliciting and considering input from diverse interests is essential to building a
comprehensive plan and gaining community -wide support for the plan
2.2 METHODOLOGY AND TIMELINE
To complete the update of LHMP, the City of Redlands incorporated a three (3) phase planning process
1) Prepare, 2) Develop, and, 3) Finalize (Figure 2 1) Phase 2- Develop, has three (3) sub -phases that
establish the current conditions, determine the risk and vulnerabilities, and identifies strategies and
projects In addition to the phases, Figure 2 1 also depicts the timeline to complete the project While this
methodology is in alignment with the FEMA guidance, sequence and naming of phases were adjusted to
better suit the City of Redlands' needs
L Prepare
• Indcoff Meeting
Work Plan
• Esta6!ish
Plann+na Team
• Develop
Outreach Plan
Figure 21- Planning Methodology
2 Deftion
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- [nmmu nits
At Vile
Hazards Profile
- Capabilities
- !!seal Resources
- Key Assets
26. Risk
Assessment
Ex pos u•e
Vulner.b lr ex
• Impac,s
2e Mitigation
Montego
Gaelsioa,ectives
• Actions
• implementation
Plan
Prioritixetlon
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3 Maize
+ Review
• APP•Pyal
• Adopt &
D•ssennnete
2 months
1-2 months
1-2 months
2-3 months
VPDAIE
2-3 months
4.In cement 8
Mainta
• 'fro in ins
• Exe.crses
• Review & update
Out of scope
Under the Prepare phase general project tasks were completed This included conducting an
Administrative Kickoff meeting with the consultant, validation of the Planning Team, an identification of
the Public Outreach effort, and a Kickoff meeting with the Planning Team
2
As mentioned, the Develop phase had three (3) sub -phases During the Existing Conditions sub -phase, the
Planning Team confirmed current City mitigation capabilities, including identification of departments
supporting mitigation, current governance guiding mitigation efforts, identification of fiscal resource
availability to possibly support mitigation, discussion of key assets, and identification and description of
local hazards within the City Under the Risk Assessment sub -phase, the Planning Team reviewed exposure
and impacts of hazards within the City, and prioritized hazards The final sub -phase, Mitigation Strategies,
had the Planning Team discuss previous mitigation efforts, identify and prioritize new mitigation projects,
and develop an implementation plan for each project
Throughout the Develop Phase, plans and other documents, both internal and external, were also
analyzed and leveraged to ensure decisions were based on the best available information and that
proposed actions were compatible with other efforts And conversely, efforts were made to encourage
results from the LHMP planning process were considered and incorporated into other planning efforts
The last phase of the planning process methodology was Finalize During this phase the Planning Team
reviewed and provided additional comments on the complete LHMP before being forwarded to the
California Governor's Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) and FEMA This phase also included
addressing both Cal OES and FEMA comments, and working with the City Council to adopt the LHMP
During the planning process, draft LHMP sections (i e , Capabilities, Hazards, Vulnerability, Mitigation
Strategies) were disseminated for review and comment as the Planning Team moved through each phase
and sub -phase This helped the Planning Teams focus their review on the subject matter at hand and
enforced the relationship between the phases At the end of the planning process, another review cycle
was provided, this time with all draft sections under one cover
2.3 PLANNING TEAM
Building on the whole community concept, a Planning Team was established to assist with the updating
of the City of Redlands LHMP The primary goal of the Planning Team is to help define and identify the
strategies within the LHMP The Planning Team was led by representatives from the City of Redlands Fire
Department The City of Redlands Fire Department representatives took on the responsibilities of Project
Manager and facilitated and coordinated Planning Team activates Additionally, the City of Redlands Fire
Department hired a consultant to provide technical support and prepare the final updated LHMP
2 3 1 MEMBERS
The Planning Team was comprised of subject matter experts who could provide great benefit to the team
or represented specific topics covered by the LHMP Leveraging the list of Planning Team members during
the last update to the LHMP, the City of Redlands Fire Department and its consultant evaluated and
confirmed the list of Planning Team members An email invite was sent out to each Planning Team
member and a series of follow-up telephone calls were conducted to discuss to project and confirm
participation Keeping the Planning Team to a manageable number of members while ensuring that all
perspectives are captured and/or included in the process is challenging To balance this, the Planning
Team members were urged to act as liaisons to community groups with whom they regularly interact
with, exchanging thoughts on the LHMP with other groups in the community Planning Team member
were encouraged to communicate the direction and status of the planning effort to their outside members
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and in return they were expected to bring outside perspectives to the Planning Team The City of Redlands
took great efforts to engage and include as many Planning Team members as possible A list of the
Planning Team members can be found in Appendix 2
2.3.2 MEETINGS
There were a series of meetings held with the Planning Team Each meeting had a primary focus and
provided an opportunity to discuss/review information and exchange ideas Below is a list of the Planning
Team meetings (Table 2 1) and Planning Team member attendance at each meeting can be found in
Appendix 3
Table 2.1- Planning Team Meetings
Date Purpose of the Meeting
Jun 16, 2020
Aug 18, 2020
Protect Kickoff- Discussed Goal/Objectives of LHMPs, Type of Information Needed,
Role of the Planning Team, LHMP Update Process, Public Outreach Effort, and
Project Timeline
Prepare Discussed 1) relationship between EOPs and LHMPs, 2) FEMA Review
Tool, 3) 2015 LHMP sections- Community Profile, Capabilities, Key Assets, and
Hazards Solicit feedback on draft LHMP sections
Sep 21, 2020
Oct 19, 2020
Nov 16, 2020
Jan 14, 2021
Mar 16, 2021
Existing Conditions Discuss 1) Key Assets, and 2) Hazards (Identification) Solicit
feedback on draft LHMP sections
Existing Conditions Discuss 1) Key Assets, and 2) Hazards (Priority) Solicit feedback
on draft LHMP sections
Existing Conditions- Discuss 1) Hazards (Profiles, Priority) Solicit feedback on draft
LHMP sections
Risk Assessment- Review of Hazard 1) Exposure, 2) Impacts, and 3) Prioritization
Solicit feedback on draft LHMP sections
Mitigation Strategies- Review of 1) Previous Projects, 2) Previous Goals/Objectives,
and 3) Identification of New Projects
Apr 07, 2021
Mitigation Strategies- Discussion of 1) New Projects, and 2) Project Implementation
Plan
May 25, 2021
Draft Plan- Review of draft LHMP, including Public Comments
Sep 16, 2021
Draft Plan- Review of Cal OES/FEMA Comments on draft LHMP Discuss next steps
2.4 COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT
2.4.1 RECURRING COORDINATION
The City of Redlands attends and coordinates several meetings with community stakeholders focused on
Emergency Management topics (i e , response, recovery, mitigation, preparedness, prevention) Prior to
the LHMP update process, the City leveraged these meetings to announce and discuss the City's intent to
update its LHMP and solicit participation from stakeholder representatives A large number of these
stakeholder meetings are organized by San Bernardino County Fire Department Office of Emergency
Services (OES) The San Bernardino County Fire Department OES leads the San Bernardino Operational
Area (OA) efforts It's role as lead is to support local governments response and recovery operations The
San Bernardino County Fire Department OES also encourages coordination across local governments and
community stakeholders Some of these efforts include
San Bernardino County OA Stakeholder Group- meetings focused on maintaining, coordinating,
and updating the OA Multi -hazard LHMP and the individual city LHMPs
Critical Route Planning Committee- has a committee that develops and validates countywide
routes and alternate routes for use in evacuating residents from a disaster area while
simultaneously allowing first responders' access into a disaster area without congestion and
gridlock
• California Governor's Office of Emergency Services Annual Exercise- coordinates the OA's
participation in the exercise The purpose for participation is to better prepare for regional,
catastrophic events, ensuring an effective multi-agency/multi-jurisdictional response
The City of Redlands also meets quarterly with the Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters (VOAD)
group The San Bernardino County chapter of the VOAD group is a community network of non -partisan
membership organizations that serves as the forum to share knowledge and resources to help
communities prepare for and recover from disasters Further, VOAD fosters efficient delivery of available
member resources to persons with unmet needs affected by disaster
At the local -level, the City of Redlands meets with faith -based organizations monthly This group
coordinates all faith -based organizations in the City of Redlands The group supports positive interfaith
relationships, enhance non-violent attitudes & behavior, support peace & promote goodwill in the
Redlands Community During Disasters this group supports the city not only in having volunteers, but also
in being the emotional and religious support
2 4 2 STAKEHOLDER MITIGATION RELATED PLANNING RESOURCES
To ensure consistency within the region, the City of Redlands Fire Department and its consultant ensured
the Planning Team reviewed and was aware of the state HMP and several LHMPs from surrounding
jurisdictions This list included
State of California Hazard Mitigation Plan
San Bernardino County Multi -Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan
Yucaipa, City of
Loma Linda, City of
Colton, City of
Riverside County Multi -Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan
Calimesa, City of
While not technically considered a mitigation plan, the Planning Team also reviewed available Emergency
Operations Plans (EOPs) and the General Plan Safety Elements from the jurisdictions above The value of
reviewing EOPs is to understand how the City of Redlands and other communities within the region will
respond to events and the type of equipment and facilities they will be reliant upon Gaining this
perspective, the Planning Team was able to incorporate these considerations into its LHMP Although
there is a concerted effort to incorporate LHMP information into the General Plan Safety Elements, that
is not always the case A review of the Safety Elements can provide additional insight into hazards within
the community and present a closer tie to community -wide goals and objectives
2 5 PUBLIC OUTREACH
For the purposes of the LHMP, the public is defined as any person within the jurisdiction or adjacent areas,
not part of the Planning Team, not acting in an official capacity of a recognized form or level of
government There were two (2) different Public Outreach campaigns used during the City of Redlands
5
LHMP update process the first informing the community of the efforts to update to the LHMP and the
second educating the community of hazards and mitigation actions Below is a summary of the campaigns
2.5.1 LHMP AWARENESS CAMPAIGN
This campaign presents the strategy of how the City of Redlands engaged the public during the LHMP
update process A significant piece of the FEMA's LHMP guidance is to ensure the "whole commun►ty" is
involved A significant element of FEMA's "whole community" concept is the general public
The public outreach strategy worked in conjunction with LHMP planning process and timeline As the
Planning Team completed critical milestones, key information was disseminated to the public for
consideration and input Because of the pandemic (COVID), there were limited options and opportunities
to reach out to the public All public outreach efforts were done virtually The City of Redlands held two
(2) public meetings one (1) at the start of the project, and, one (1) at the end of the project In between,
there were a series of status update provided through the city website, keeping the general public aware
of the progress and status of the project
This outreach strategy shared information about the project kickoff, hazards and potential impacts within
the community, current mitigation capabilities, and proposed mitigation actions The information was
shared through presentations, status updates, and handout materials, through meetings, social media
platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Linkedln, Nextdoor), media (print, broadcast), and other
announcements
For the update process, the City of Redlands leveraged the existing City Disaster Council to engage the
public The Disaster Council holds regular, ongoing meetings with the public and its purpose was in
alignment with the LHMP efforts On October 8, 2020, the City of Redlands issued a press release, via
email and the city website, announcing the LHMP as an agenda item for the October 26th Disaster Council
meeting The Disaster Council agenda is also disseminated to registered users and the general public
A second Public Outreach meeting was held on April 26, 2021, to provide an overview of the draft LHMP,
a meeting announcement went out the beginning of April The presentation informed the community of
the LHMP planning process and the hazards included in the LHMP The presentation presented an
overview of the chapters in the LHMP, highlighting the proposed mitigation actions, inviting the public to
review and submit comments on the draft LHMP
Attendance at the Public Outreach meetings were good considering the challenges from the COVID-19
pandemic and competing priorities In addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, the community has faced
regional wildfires Presentations were prepared for each meeting to inform the public on mitigation, the
LHMP update planning process, and to walk the public through the LHMP content During the meetings,
some comments were received, most requesting clarification of the presentation material The draft
LHMP was made available to the public through the City of Redlands website The website also provided
a function that allowed the public to submit comments on the LHMP after their review The Planning Team
received minor comments during the Public Outreach review period, one requesting to simplify the
material for public use (NOTE The Planning Team already identified a Mitigation Measure/Action to
create mitigation material for public outreach/education purposes) All comments were shared with the
6
Planning Team, and revisions were incorporated into the LHMP where appropriate The public
announcements and presentations for both meetings can be found in Appendix 4
2.5.2 MITIGATION AWARENESS CAMPAIGN
Over past few years, the City of Redlands established both regular meetings and ad hoc meetings/events
to educate and exchange information on mitigation within the city The regular meetings involve the re-
establishment of the Disaster Council The Disaster Council consist of existing groups that support a strong
team merging sectors of the community including elected officials, emergency management, first
responders, volunteer services, major industry and commercial, healthcare and education The Disaster
Council meets quarterly Ad hoc meeting/events consist of events run by the city or others that may
provide opportunities to share and exchange information about mitigation The City organized and/or
participated in a number of initiatives to inform the public of hazards in the community and discussed
possible mitigation actions The City sponsors and staff information booths at local events, encourages
Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) training, and participates in several regular community -
based stakeholder and public meetings The CERT training helps the City educate citizens about hazards
and train citizens to be self-sufficient following a major disaster, while staffing information booths provide
City staff with the opportunity to provide literature and handouts pertaining to mitigation strategies and
emergency and disaster preparedness The City has also used surveys in the past to determine the level
of knowledge local citizens already have about potential disasters and assess areas of vulnerability to
various types of disasters The City also leverages its social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,
Linkedln, Nextdoor), media (print, broadcast), and other general public announcements to disseminate
vital information about hazards in the community, relevant programs being undertaken to safeguard the
public from the effects of hazards, and actions the public can take to prepare themselves for events
7
3 COMMUNITY PROFILE
The purpose of this section is to present an overview of the City of Redlands, providing the Planning Team
with a common understanding of the existing conditions and perspective on select aspects within the
community Gaining a common understanding of the existing conditions provides the basis on which the
Planning Team can assess the impacts of hazards, as well as, identify needed mitigation actions
3.1 LOCATION
The City of Redlands is located at the base of the San Bernardino Mountains in southwestern San
Bernardino County, eight (8) miles east of the City of San Bernardino, sixty-three (63) miles east of the Los
Angeles metropolitan area, and one -hundred- ten (110) miles north of San Diego (Figure 3 1) The City of
Redlands planning area covers approximately 46 square miles The planning area covers the City of
Redlands (approximately 37 5 square miles), the City's Sphere of Influence (SOI), and an unincorporated
County island (referred to as the "Donut Hole) The SOI is represented in light gold (east of the City of
Redlands) and the Donut Hole in tan (northwest portion of the City of Redlands) on Figure 3 1
Figure 3.1- City of Redlands
The City is bordered by other local jurisdictions (Figure 3 2) The County of San Bernardino has jurisdiction
over the unincorporated land within the City (aka the Donut Hole) and land around the SOI The City of
San Bernardino shares a border with Redlands along Mountain View Avenue north of Interstate-10, the
City of Loma Linda shares a border with the City of Redlands and the SOI on the west, the City of Yucaipa
shares a border with the City on the east side, the City of Highland shares a border with the City in the
north, and the City of Calimesa shares a border with the City in the south
8
Figure 3 2- Surrounding Jurisdictions to the City of Redlands
San
Barna idino
Grand
Terrace
Loma Linda
San Bernardino County
Riverside County
Calimesa
3.2 GEOGRAPHY
The City is located in what is known as the East Valley Corridor of the Inland Empire Surrounding physical
features include the San Bernardino Mountains (11,503 feet in elevation) and the Santa Ana River (and/or
wash) located on the valley floor at the base of San Bernardino Mountains to the north, the Crafton Hills
(3,297 feet in elevation) to the east, and San Timoteo Canyon, the Badlands Mountain range- 2,520 feet,
the Kalmia Hills- 2,405 feet and Live Oak Canyon (at base of the San Timoteo Badlands Mountain range)
to the south (Figure 3 3) Interstate 10 (1-10) freeway which bisects the City east to west, stretches from
the Pacific Ocean to Atlantic Ocean, and courses through the major cities of Los Angeles, Phoenix, San
Antonio, Houston, Baton Rouge, Mobile, and Jacksonville The City is also served by State Route 210 which
intersects with 1-10 Freeway close to the west City limit
Figure 3.3- Physical Features Around the City of Redlands
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There are two (2) principal streams that drain into the City of Redlands, each of presents identifiable flood
hazards at peak flows
9
Santa Ana River/Mill Creek- The Santa Ana River/Mill Creek emerges from its mountain canyon 5
miles northeast of Redlands, spreads out in shallow, braided channels more than a 1 5-mile-wide
wash, mantled with fluvial debris In 1965, 1966, 1969, 1976, 1980, 1992, 1993, and 1995 the
flood waters from the upper regions of the Santa Ana River/Mill Creek were responsible for
extensive damage to Orange Street and Alabama Street, ranging from washouts from five to six-
foot high flood waters, to extensive, permanent damages from uncontrollable runoff from the
upper regions of the San Bernardino mountains
Mission Zanja, also known as Mill Creek Zanja and Mission Storm Dram- The Mission Zanja was
constructed for water supply in 1819 Diverting water from Mill Creek, the Zanja carried water for
12 miles to support the San Bernardino Assistance and surrounding farms and ranches Today, as
it traverses an east/west direction, the Zanja drains major portions of the City through various
storm drain systems During significant storm periods, the Zanja poses a serious threat to the
community, and is presently being studied by the U S Army Corps of Engineers to determine if
Corps funding might be available for design and construction of facilities to remove the flood
hazard The Mission Zanja, from the 2800 block of Mentone Boulevard to the west edge of Sylvan
Park, is a designated landmark, and part of the National Register of Historic Places
3.3 HISTORY
Once part of the Spanish Mission lands, Redlands was incorporated in 1888 following an influx of wealthy
easterners and mid westerners Early settlers brought their cultures, traditions and treasures, adding to
the City's reputation as a cultural and educational community Agriculture prospered with the navel
orange and many citrus groves still surround Redlands today More than a hundred years ago the seed
which became the city of Redlands was planted by two young Easterners who shared a dream of an idyllic
agricultural and residential community
Redlands was the shared dream of Frank E Brown, a civil engineer and Yale graduate, and E G Judson, a
New York stock broker, who met in Southern California in late 1870's Naming their Redlands colony for
the color of the adobe soil, the two busily laid out a city, brought water from the mountains to the
community, introduced the newly discovered Washington navel orange, and recruited settlers It wasn't
long before Redlands proudly proclaimed itself the Navel Orange Capital of the World
One group of early settlers called itself the Chicago Colony and created what is now the downtown
business district They named the principal shopping street for State Street in Chicago
In 1889, twins Alfred H and Albert K Smiley came to Redlands, and the town was changed forever The
Smiley brothers, well-known educators and resort owners from New York, established a tradition of
philanthropy with their donation of the A K Smiley public library and park in 1889 Two decades later, the
Clarence G Whites gave the Prosellis at the Redlands Bowl, and Robert Watchorns built the Lincoln Shrine
next to the library These and many others built a city that was known as the "Jewel of the Inland Empire "
The interval from 1920-1930 was another period of growth and prosperity, largely due to the citrus
industry The town's other "industry," the University of Redlands, expanded as well and a general increase
in population occurred Another regional contributor was the establishment of Norton Air Force Base,
which remained an active military facility until 1994 Because of Redlands' historic and cultural heritage,
the City attracted many commissioned military personnel as residents The closure of Norton Air Force
10
Base, coupled with a declining economy beginning in 1990, had a negative impact on the City's economic
stability
3.4 CLIMATE
Redlands' climate is typical of Southern California inland areas Residents of the City experience mild
winters, low annual rainfall, and prolonged, dry summers (Table 3 1)
Max Ave
Temp (F)
Min Ave
Temp (F)
Precipitation
(in )
Jan
Table 3 1- Average Temperature and Precipitation in Redlands
Feb Mar
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
64 7 66 1 69 1 73 7 78 5 86 7 94 5 94 2
Nov
Dec
Annual
901 810 727 658 781
393 413 436 468 511 552 603 606 576 512 440 396 492
2 72 2 66 2 29 1 18 0 48 0 11 0 06 0 15 0 29 0 69 1 13 1 80 13 55
3.5 DEMOGRAPHICS
According to the U S Census Bureau 2019 estimate, the total population of San Bernardino County is
approximately 2,171,600 people Most of the County's population is in the valley areas located in the
southwestern portion of the County The County's population has grown by approximately 121,690
people (6 4%) since the 2010 population of 2,040,910 persons This rate of growth was relatively slower
than the population growth in three neighboring Southern California counties (Riverside County with
11 3%, San Diego County with 7 7%, and Kern County with 6 6%), but much higher than the next three
other counties in (Los Angeles County with 2 88%, Ventura County with 3 13%, and Orange County 5 62%)
The population in City of Redlands is estimated to be 71,513 (US Census, 2019 estimate), slightly up from
the 2018 estimate of 71,196 The City of Redlands 2019 population estimate represents approximately
3 3% of the population residing within San Bernardino County The City of Redlands population has
increased approximately 12% since 2000, lower than the population growth in the San Bernardino County
(27 2%) over the same period The historical population estimates for the City of Redlands are shown in
Figure 3 4
Figure 3.4- Historical Population Estimates for the City of Redlands, 2000-2018
00,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
2000 2002 2004 2005 2008 2010 2012 2014 2018 2018
Source:California Department of Finance, E-5, 2000-2018
11
Below are some additional relevant population statistics from the 2019 U S Census estimate for the City
of Redlands
22 9% under 18 years old
15 4% over the age 65
61 7% between the ages of 18 and 65
25 5% reported speaking a language other than English at home
• 88 9% over the age of 25 are high school graduates
• 38 6% have attained a Bachelor's Degree or higher
• 6 9% over the age of 65 with a disability
• $72,523 median household income
13 6% living below the poverty level
In addition to the above information, the Planning Team reviewed information from Southern California
Association of Government (SCAG) In 2008, SCAG initiated the Local Profiles which provided a variety of
demographic, economic, education, housing, and transportation information about each member
jurisdiction and are updated every two years The SCAG region includes six counties (Imperial, Los Angeles,
Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura) and 191 incorporated cities In addition, the SCAG region
is a major hub of global economic activity, representing the 16th largest economy in the world, and is
considered the nation's gateway for international trade with two of the largest ports in the nation Below
is some information from the SCAG Local Profile for the City of Redlands (2019)
• 26,973 Housing Units in the City of Redlands (or 3 7% of San Bernardino County)
57 5% own their homes, and 42 5% rent
Mean drive time to work in the City of Redlands is 22 8 minutes (compared to 30 9 minutes for
San Bernardino County)
According to the US Census American Community Survey (2017), 70% of the City of Redlands population
commute over 45 minutes to work (Figure 3 5)
Figure 3 5- Travel Time to Work (minutes) City of Redlands
7%
■ <1S 15-30 30-45 • 45-60 60+
12
3.6 ECONOMY
According to the SCAG report, the total number of jobs in the City of Redlands is 41,610 (or 5 4% of jobs
located in San Bernardino County) The total number of jobs in the City of Redlands reflects a 2 5%
decrease (1,049 jobs) from 2007 (Figure 3 6) A more detailed breakdown of the jobs in the City of
Redlands is depicted in Figure 3 7 Below is a summary of some of the larger losses in job sectors since
2007
Manufacturing 1,204 jobs in 2017(a 40 4% decrease)
Construction 1,619 jobs in 2017 (a 42 3% decrease)
Retail 4,621 jobs in 2017(a 17 7% decrease)
Professional/Management 4,510 jobs in 2017 (a 56 7% decrease)
Figure 3.6- Total Number of Jobs in the City of Redlands- 2007-2017
Number afJabs
50,000
45,090 42,656 43979 44.219
d1,557
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
40.053
35,089
3E025
34,163 35.062
41109 41.609
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2914 2015 2019 2017
Figure 3 7- Total Number of Jobs in the City of Redlands- 2007-2017
• Public • Agriculture • Construction• Manufacturing
4.196 0.3% 4.456
• other
3.9%
• Leisure
8.9%
• Education
39.2°4
3.39E
• Wholesale
4.5%
• Retail
12.6%
• Transportation
2.2%
• Information
0.7%
• Finance
3.6%
■ Professional
12.346
As presented in the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, The City of Redlands' economy is based
largely in the service and trade sectors (health care, retail trade, technology, and education) and light
manufacturing Since 2007-2008, the vacancy rate for industrial and manufacturing space has declined
significantly as the City expanded its manufacturing and industrial base This growth has added to the
relative stability of the unemployment rate over the years since the 2007-2009 economic recession
13
During that time the unemployment rate rose to a high in 2010 of 10 5%, declining in the following years
to reach 3 2% by 2018 (Figure 3 8)
Figure 3 8- Unemployment Rate, City of Redlands
12.0%
10.0%
6.096
4.0%
2.0%
a. ms
10.5%
CITY OF REDLANDS
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
9.6% 9.7%
70%
6.0%
4.7%
Sox, 33% 196 3296
liiii
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
3.6.1 MAJOR EMPLOYERS IN REDLANDS AND SURROUNDING VICINITY
Major industries with headquarters or divisions located within the City's boundaries (or in close proximity)
include computer technology manufacturers, electrical controls, several financial and insurance
institutions, and educational institutions Within the "Donut Hole"- the unincorporated 1,100-acre island
of parcels, located in the northwestern portion of the city, a number of large warehouse distribution
centers were developed over the past several, alongside a variety of retail establishments Major
employers in the City and the Donut Hole are presented in Table 3 2
Table 3 2- Major Employers
Employer
Number of Employees
City Donut Hole
Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)
2,650
Redlands Unified School District
2,108
Redlands Community Hospital
1,600
Beaver Medical Group
1,022
Burlington Coat Factory
806
University of Redlands
593
Amazon Fulfillment Center
500
Citrus Plaza Shopping Center
250 500*
Mountain Grove Shopping Center
250 500*
City of Redlands
467
Target
400
Loma Linda University
374
Caddo Hardware
280
Amazon Fulfillment Center
250
Walmart
230
Koh Is
225
Garner Holt Productions, Inc
100-200*
JCPenney
150
Redlands Christian Schools
100 150*
Becton Dickson Distribution
100
* Denotes an estimate of the number of employees
14
3.7 LAND US
Land Use in the City of Redlands is guided by the General Plan, Zoning Laws, and Municipal Building Codes
The Land Use element of the General Plan supports opportunities to create a cohesive and attractive
image for each district and neighborhood The City of Redland's Land Use Plan includes three related
parts 1) description of allowed land uses, 2) overlay districts, and 3) the location of allowed land use
Table 3 3 provides a summary of the permitted Land Uses and the maximum density
Table 3.3- Land Use Categories
Land Use
Residential
Maximum Density
Rural Living
0 2 dwelling unit/gross acre
Very Low
2 7 dwelling unit/gross acre
Low
6 0 dwelling unit/gross acre
Low Medium
8 0 dwelling unit/gross acre
Medium
15 dwelling units/gross acre
High
27 0 dwelling units/gross acre
Office, Commercial, Industrial
Office
General
40 Floor to Area Ratio
Downtown Redlands
2 0 Floor to Area Ratio
East Valley Corridor
90 Floor to Area Ratio
Commercial
General
30 Floor to Area Ratio
Downtown Redlands
2 0 Floor to Area Ratio
East Valley Corridor
60 Floor to Area Ratio
Industrial
General
45 Floor to Area Ratio
Downtown Redlands
East Valley Corridor
1 20 Floor to Area Ratio
Agriculture and Hillsides
Agriculture
Single family residence, based on zoning
Hillside Conservation
1 dwelling unit/20 & 40 acres depending on slope
Resource Preservation
Public and Open Space
Public/Institutional
Between 1 dwelling unit/1 & 10 acres depending on slope
Parks/Golf Course
Open Space
Planned Development (PD)
Various
3.7.1 POTENTIAL LAND USE
The Land Use in the City of Redlands consists of the following categories Agriculture, Commercial,
Industrial, Office, Residential, Public/Institutional, Vacant, Parks, Open Space, and Recreational, and other
(airport, utilities, parking lots, and water) As presented in the City of Redlands General Plan, the proposed
distribution of the land uses within the City limits can be seen in Figure 3 9
Figure 3 9 General Plan Land Use Map
Redlands General Plan
Land Use Map
Legend
According to to the City of Redlands General Plan, the breakdown of Land Use in the Planning Area (Figure
3 10) includes Residential (30%), Vacant (23%), Parks, Recreation, and Open Space (14%), Agriculture
(7%), Industrial (4%), Other (4%), Public/Institutional (3%), and Commercial (3%)
Figure 3.10- Land Use Distribution
RESIDENTIAL
• VACANT
■ PARKS, RECREATION, AND
OPEN SPACE
■ AGRICUTLURE
■ INDUSTRIAL
■ OTHER
■ PUBLIC/INSTITIUTIONAL
OTHER
16
3 7 2 EXISTING LAND USE
While the General Plan Land Use illustrates potential buildout of the City, Figure3.11 depicts the current,
existing Land Use within the city
Figure 311- Existing Land Use Map
Land Use
muti-USE 1114MidCt1L I Agitultue - IF & t isl
Single Family Re dentlal Vamnt
Mlle Hpnae Piwk — kp;cWture
_ Muld•Family Readential 11.1 Open Space and Recreation
- Commercial aril Services In water
= Schools Airport
i PWII[fadiltles -{Hier
The LHMP, also leveraged information from the FEMA-sponsored San Bernardino County Essential
Facilities Risk Assessment (SBEFRA) project The SBEFRA project improved Hazus model default data to
better reflect what was currently "on -the -ground" and use it for flood and earthquake loss estimation
analysis (damage) and exposure assessment for wildfire Table 3 6 presents the "improved" Hazus data
for City of Redlands
17
Table 3 6- Improved Hazus Default Data- City of Redlands
Building Stock
Building
Count
Building Replacement
Value ($1,000)
Contents Replacement
Value ($1,000)
Building Sq. Ft.
(1,000 Sq. Ft.)
Residential
19,661
$4,586,535
$2,293,253
39,193
Commercial
790
$2,000,690
$2,077,158
20,969
Industrial
116
$154,116
$231,174
2,020
Other
524
$449,264
$219,703
2,817
TOTAL 21,091 JEM7,190,605
$4,821,288
64,998
Concrete
223
$572,025
Mfg Housing
1,039
$47,818
Precast Concrete
99
$388,399
Reinforced Masonry
398
$617,472
Steel
142
$264,195
URM
59
$73,705
Wood Frame (Other)
990
$1,406,583
Wood Frame (SFR)
18,141
$3,820,407
TOTAL 21,091 $7,190,605
3 7 3 DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
Limited incremental growth has occurred within the City of Redlands since the adopted 2015 LHMP All
development occurring over the past few years was constructed in accordance with all local land use,
building codes, zoning, and environmental requirements, and applicable State and Federal regulations
Because of the limited growth and rigorous project review over the past five (5) years, there have been
no changes to the community's vulnerability
Because much of the City of Redlands has already been developed, no significant growth is anticipated
over the next five (5) years Projected development is expected to be for small infill and redevelopment
projects, not of any significant scale Many of these sites are concentrated in the East Valley Corridor and
Transit Village areas The City has prepared Specific Plan for both of these areas to ensure measured and
safe development
According to the 2035 General Plan, the projected population at buildout in the City of Redlands is 79,013
persons, with an additional 14,611 persons in the Sphere of Influence (SOI) outside the city's current
boundaries Buildout projections in the 2035 General Plan only factor in the potential maximums based
on Land Use and Zoning designations, it does not consider other factors that may limit growth (e g ,
downturn in the economy, building material shortages, etc) At full build -out by year 2035, the General
Plan suggests that there may be the following additional types of development 4,703 new residential
structures (2,676 in the City and 2,027 in the SOI), up to 3,135,379 square feet of additional commercial
development, up to 300,704 square feet of additional office development, up to 2,943,653 square feet of
commercial/industrial development, up to 1,599,503 square feet of additional industrial development,
and up to 115,815 square feet of additional public/institutional development The new 2035 General Plan
generally encourages new development to occur on infill lots in core areas of the city (e g , the Transit
Villages Concept), thereby trying to avoid unrestrained expansion or sprawl around the city's periphery
(such as new residential subdivisions in hillside, open space, and high fire hazard areas)
Whether the projections are realized or not, all future development proposed for the City of Redlands will
continue to be reviewed to ensure compliance with all relevant land use and zoning regulations, building
codes and fire codes, and environmental and engineering standards Additionally, the LHMP will be
referenced during the review of proposed development projects to assess exposure (or risk) to community
hazards The LHMP will also serve as a reference for any suggested mitigation measures to reduce and/or
eliminate risk from those hazards
3.8 KEY ASSETS
A subset of the general building stock are key buildings the City will rely on when responding to and
recovering from disaster events Because of the role and importance of these facilities, the City needs to
ensure the facilities are maintained and will be functional during and after disasters Also, part of these
key assets are systems and equipment used to perform certain functions and/or operations The list of
key assets includes, but are not limited to Police Stations, Fire Stations, City Hall, Water facilities,
Hospitals/Medical facilities, airports, Community Centers, Corporate Maintenance Yards, Library and,
Schools A list of Key Assets can be found in Appendix 5
19
4 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
The purpose of this section is to capture the different resources available to the City of Redlands in support
of mitigation In an effort to efficiently demonstrate these resources, the section has been organized by
Personnel Resource, Mitigation Governance Resources, Technical Resources, and, Fiscal Resources
4.1 PERSONNEL RESOURCES
This sub section demonstrates the City of Redlands capability to dedicate and/or assign, long-term or
short-term, workforce to mitigation efforts There are four (4) primary ways the City of Redlands can
provide personnel resources directly from the City of Redlands government workforce, through
Contracts, through Volunteer organizations, through Mutual Aid, and, through Partnerships
411 GOVERNMENT
The City of Redlands is a full service, general law city The major services provided include Police, Fire,
Water, Wastewater, Solid Waste, Engineering, Public Works and Community Development The City is
governed by a five -member City Council, who also chair several Boards, Committees, and Commissions
The City Council is support by the City Clerk's Office, the City Treasurer, and the City Manager The City
Manager oversees the Office of the City Manager staff, Development Services, Management Services,
Municipal Utilities & Engineering, Fire, Facilities and Community Services, and Police The organization
structure of the City of Redlands is depicted in Figure 4.1
20
City of Redar.ds, CA,
arQmeldtlonel Chcl't
Approved BY.
May.. , .
[bohemia, Olga, Jr.
{m, Manager
Effective Auk. HUD
Citrus irenvemm
CommlSYp1
Crrhrrnl Ants
Car.nesion
Figure 41- City of Redlands Organizational Structure
Mimeo RaTelbns
Commission
Historic $ uenk
Preservation Comm.
OFFICE DE TEE aTr MCHRGEN
administration
Flatfeet
Pubsis Iniormathn Ofllse
Media u.na { Redone. TV
Pubis Iniormathn
Purrh sref Shores
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Successor
Secretary
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MANAGEMENT SERVICES
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Customer Service
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• Auetrea.
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• InformndonMaraBelre,n
Slniems
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City
Treasure
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Lironin Stone
Mchhes
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LEGEND
Elective 0
AppoLn Elve
Boards, Dommisslpn & 177
Committees
Advisory to: ----•
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Commission
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P lb7cW 'z Comm
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Comm ttee
Pare& Recrelbt.1
roucr
.Animal Caarol
Community PoIIdni Bi_reau
investigations Bureau
Patrol SeIvEess Bureau
P-oiesslnnel Standards
Spare! DpereLc.ls Bureau
Su pporI Seenres
TrefFc and Spada- Euents
FMIUTN3 AND CORMAIMITY SEILVrEi
ANpori Pens
Blb'e: Me lTte-ns a Pureaaal &Senior Ser.-As
Cemetery Sdd Wasie
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Code E+Ifprre,ent S1reeL Mcatennnre
Ekrtrc&l Slice Trees
Em_pment Maintenance Sastalna6EIILT
While each City department plays a role with regard to emergency Preparedness and Response, not all
have a role in Mitigation The City of Redlands has an established Emergency Management Division under
the Fire Department Below is a summary of the City departments and their role
• Office of the City Manager- The Office of the City Manager oversees the city departments and
administers the day-to-day operations of the city The Office of The City Manager is responsible
for maintaining and updating the City's Administrative Policies and Procedures (CAPP) Manual
The policies and procedures contained within CAPP Manual reflect not only the City's values as
an employer, but also convey the standards that the City has for its employee The Office of
Human Resources and Risk Management, Public Information Office, and Purchasing are also part
of the Office of the City Manager
• Office of Human Resources and Risk Management- The Office Human Resources and Risk
Management supports the over 500 full and part-time employees to provide the highest
quality of service to the local community The Risk Management Division maintains a set of
operating principles that serve as the foundation for how we interact with residents,
colleagues, employees and other stakeholders
• Public Information Office- The Public Information Officer (PIO) is responsible for the regular
dissemination of public information about the City of Redlands to the media The PIO hosts
press conferences, writes press releases and articles for publication in magazines and
newsletters and helps coordinate public events The Public Information Officer also oversees
the City's Government Access cable TV channels 3 (Spectrum customers) and 35 (Verizon
21
customers) The Public Information Office includes the Redlands TV video unit, which
produces original programming regarding municipal services for Redlands TV
• Purchasing- City of Redlands Purchasing Division serves as the central acquisition point for
equipment and services The Central Warehouse provides all types of commodities to all City
departments The Division is the sole authority for the purchase of supplies, services or
equipment This division also handles items declared as surplus for redistribution, sale or
disposal per the City Municipal Code
Development Services- The Development Services Department provides quality service to
customers through professionalism, integrity and the efficient use of resources The Department
endeavors to enhance and protect the urban and natural environment of the city helping to
ensure that Redlands remains an ideal place to live and work Functional divisions include
Building and Safety, Economic Development, and, Planning
• Building & Safety- conducts building inspections, plan review and permit processing
• Economic Development- business attraction and retention, workforce development and
tourism promotion
• Planning- land development, application review, general plan, specific plan, long-range
planning and historic preservation) as well as the administration of the Community
Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program
Management Services- The Management Services/Finance Department is comprised of the
divisions of Finance, Revenue, Utility Billing Customer Service, Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) and Innovation & Technology
• Finance Division- performs the functions of administration, accounting and budgeting, payroll,
accounts payable and accounts receivable Other responsibilities of the division include
administration of all City related debts/bonds, preparation of regular financial analysis,
responsibility for the annual budget process and spending oversight, performance of periodic
internal audits of City operations, as well as coordination of the City's annual audit and
preparation of all related reports as required by law
• Revenue- responsible for the collection of all fees, taxes and penalties owed to the city,
safekeeping of the funds invested, and deposited in various financial institutions
• Utility Billing Customer Service- provides accurate and timely billing for water, wastewater,
solid waste, street cleaning and household hazardous waste services In addition to providing
billing services, the Customer Service Division is a cross functional team that provides
assistance to customers for information on their utility bill
• Innovation & Technology- includes both the Information Technology (IT) and Geographic
Information Systems (GIS)
Municipal Utilities & Engineering- is organized into several divisions which include capital
improvement engineering services, land development engineering, water and wastewater
operations and maintenance and utility administration Municipal Utilities & Engineering (MUED)
plans, designs and constructs Redlands' physical infrastructure for the residents and businesses
in the City, making it a desirable place to live, work, and visit MUED is responsible for delivering
the following services to the City's residents and businesses
• Utility Operations water production and distribution, non -potable water distribution, and
wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal
• Engineering review and inspection of development proposals for compliance with State and
City codes, standards, and other governmental requirements relating to land subdivisions,
grading, drainage, and improvements within the City right-of-way
22
• Management, rehabilitation, and replacement of infrastructure such as water mains, sewer
mains, storm drains, streets, and traffic signals to provide reliable service to the community
• Development and construction of new public facilities to protect and enhance Redlands'
livability
• Floodplain Management- administrators of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)
Fire- mission is to provide a safe, professional and courteous team that strives to exceed the
expectations of the community and our organization This mission requires our members to be
part of a capable, aggressive, all-risk fire department that is focused on "Preserving the Past and
Protecting the Future" of those we serve The Fire Suppression & Operations Division of the Fire
Department is responsible for putting out fires, emergency rescues and medical emergency
response
• Hazardous Materials Response Team- consists of eighteen (18) active members, with ten (10)
members trained to the "Specialist" Level, and eight (8) members trained to the "Technician"
Level All trained personnel are also members of the San Bernardino County Inter -Agency
Hazardous Materials Response Team, and respond countywide, through a countywide mutual
aid agreement Personnel maintain their skills by attending monthly training sessions
Redlands is covered by the LEPC for California Region VI (CA05), located in Hemet The City is
a member of a Countywide Hazardous Materials Response Team As a part of this, all City of
Redlands Fire Department field employees are trained in Hazardous Materials First Responder
Certifications The Countywide team would provide a response if the level of hazard were
above the certified level of City Staff From there, the County Hazardous Materials response
team would provide for the evacuation, mitigation and facilitation of cleanup efforts in the
event of an accidental release of hazardous materials
• Community Risk Reduction- Operating under the direction of the Fire Chief, and guided by the
California Fire Code (CFC), the goal of the Fire Prevention Division is to safeguard the
community from fire through programs ensuring adherence to fire regulations, public
education, and mitigation
• Emergency Management- Emergency Management coordinates all activities related to
disaster planning, response, recovery and mitigation (Ord 2639 § 1, 2006 Ord 2485 § 3,
2002) The Emergency Management's focus under mitigation is to identifying, analyzing
potential hazards and recommending appropriate countermeasures
Facilities and Community Services- ensures residents, businesses and visitors enjoy City services
and facilities including parks, recreation and senior services, trees, City -owned groves, solid waste
removal and recycling, code enforcement, the maintenance of our street lights, traffic signals and
streets as well as oversight of the Downtown area, Redlands Municipal Airport and Hillside
Memorial Park Cemetery All services and support are coordinated under comprehensive Green
Initiatives
• Citrus Division- The City's citrus operation operates as an enterprise fund The revenue
received from the harvesting of the crops is used to continue the care of maintenance of the
groves The City of Redlands owns 21 citrus groves throughout the city totaling 184 acres
They include Valencia Oranges, Navel Oranges, Ruby Star Grapefruit, and Rio Grapefruit
• Code Enforcement- The Code Enforcement Division is dedicated to enhancing the quality of
life for the residents of Redlands by enforcing local Building, Zoning and Public Nuisance
Ordinances This Division is responsible for enforcing codes which address public health and
safety issues, including regulations related to rubbish, garbage, specific nuisances, removal of
vegetation, zoning, housing, dangerous buildings, and inoperable and unlicensed vehicles on
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private property Enforcement actions are taken in response to requests for action received
from residents
• Solid Waste & Recycling Services- currently services over 20,000 customers for solid waste,
green waste, food waste, and recycling services The Solid Waste Division is seeking new
technologies and services which will not only preserve our environment, but provide more
efficient and economical collection, recycling, and disposal of waste materials, while meeting
all health, safety, and regulatory requirements In addition to this service, the Division also
provides roll -off services for the entire City of Redlands
• Streets & Lights Division- provides general maintenance and repair of 314 miles of street, 90
miles of storm drains, 72 City -owned traffic signals, approximately 5,000 City -owned street
lights and routine street sweeping services on public roadways within the City
• Street Trees- maintains approximately 53,875 tree sites located within the City's right-of-way
The Trees Division, in partnership with the Redlands Street Tree Committee, is dedicated to
the continued enhancement, maintenance, and care of this living asset
• Building Maintenance Division- performs both routine maintenance and emergency service
for all City -owned facilities The Division consists of three (3) full-time and one (1) part time
positions and provides a wide range of building maintenance functions maintenance services
to approximately 385,000 square feet of City facilities The Division also administers contracts
for various vendors to provide ongoing and/or specialized maintenance services
Police- dedicated to bolstering the public's trust through accountability to high standards of
performance, ethics, transparency, and professional conduct Strives to serve the community in a
fair and just manner
• Community Services Bureau- reaches out to the residential and business communities to
establish and maintain cooperative relationships that keep the City of Redlands a safe and
enjoyable community
• Traffic Safety Unit- focuses on Traffic Education, Moving Violations, and Parking Citations The
Patrol Services Bureau is comprised of Patrol, Custody, and the Field Training and Evaluation
Program
• Special Services Bureau- is comprised of the following specialized units Investigations Unit,
Multiple Enforcement Team (MET), Street Enforcement Team (SET), Crisis Negotiations Team,
K-9 Unit, and the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Team
• Support Services Bureau- offers a wide variety of services that provide a vital link between the
community and public safety personnel within the Police Department and other law
enforcement agencies
4.1.2 CONTRACTORS
The City of Redlands is able to hire contract employee A contract employee is an individual retained by
the City for a predetermined time and price Benefits of hiring contract employees include
Ability to hire workers for short-term projects, on an as -needed basis
Ability to hire highly skilled individuals for which there is no one in-house qualifications
• usually little to no downtime as noticed with onboarding new staff
Lower overhead operating costs
• do not need to pay taxes (social security, workers compensation) or provide benefits
(unemployment, health, sick leave, vacation time, retirement or profit sharing)
• usually do not need to provide office space or equipment
Disadvantages of hiring contract employees include
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■ May work for several employers simultaneously and may not be available when needed
• Integrating with City staff can be difficult because of remote working and unfamiliar with city
organization and resources
4.1.3 VOLUNTEERS
The City of Redlands has the ability to leverage volunteer workers A volunteer worker generally means
anyone who agrees to work for free, California labor laws narrow in on a more specific definition of a
volunteer According to California Labor Code Section 1720 4, which defines volunteering in California
labor law, an individual must perform services freely and without coercion for a civic, humanitarian or
charitable purpose to be considered a volunteer To legally volunteer, an individual must offer her services
to a public agency or nonprofit organization Businesses may not legally utilize volunteers
California labor law permits the extension workers' compensation to volunteers during their time in
service Workers' compensation is a type of insurance that covers employees in the event of industrial
accidents or occupational injury Often, public agencies will grant volunteers insurance protection under
workers' compensation to help encourage volunteering and avoid the potential for lawsuits In order to
be deemed an employee for workers' compensation, the organization -- whether public or private --
usually must declare a volunteer as such prior to an injury incident Under the law, this declaration should
be in writing through a resolution of the governing body of the organization or agency, such as its board
of directors
Unpaid internships are another volunteer opportunity the City can leverage, however, some criteria must
be meet California Labor Relations Department has provided some clarification regarding unpaid
internships Unpaid internships are a type of volunteering that is intended to provide educational
opportunities -- and in some cases, school credit -- for volunteers As of April 2010, the California Labor
Relations Department applies six criteria based on federal law when determining the legality of an unpaid
internship 1) the experience must resemble those of vocational schools, 2) the experience is primarily for
the benefit of the intern, 3) the intern does not displace a regular employee, 4) the intern's services
provide no immediate advantage to the employer, 5) the intern is not entitled to a job at the end of his
internship, and 6) both the employer and intern have a mutual understanding that no compensation is
expected for the internship
414 MUTUAL A►D
The City of Redlands has several mutual aid agreements, most focused on emergency management An
emergency management mutual aid agreement defines and formalizes the arrangement to lend
assistance across jurisdictional boundaries in situations that exhausted internal resources or there is a
need for increased capabilities Some of the City of Redlands mutual aid agreements are with the state of
California This enables the state to either request or fulfill requests for mutual aid from one region to
another, enabling locals to maintain readiness in their region
4.1.5 PARTNERSHIPS
The City of Redlands has the ability to enter into partnerships with surrounding cities and counties, and
outside agencies, special districts, and companies Partnerships are an arrangement where parties agree
to cooperate to advance their mutual interests In most cases partnerships are done through a
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Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) outlining the scope of work, the mission, and roles and
responsibilities
4.2 MITIGATION GOVERNANCE RESOURCES
There are a variety of governance directly related to or influence mitigation efforts This governance
generally falls under 1) Laws, Regulations, Codes, and Ordinances, 2) Plans, Studies, and Reports, and, 3)
Programs While the intent is to capture City -level information, there are some state -level and/or county -
level information that has direct implications on the City As can be expected, the City has greater ability
revise, adjust, add, and remove governance to better reflect needs on governance it sponsors The City
regularly assess and evaluates the effectiveness of its governance and incorporates changes to help meet
the intended goal The City does provide input and comments on governance sponsored by other
organizations but because the intended audience of the governance is usually greater than the City, it is
not always incorporated To ensure there is a comprehensive list of governance, relevant state -level
and/or county -level information is also captured
4 2 1 LAWS, REGULATIONS, CODES, AND ORDINANCES
Title Senate Bill (SB) 379
Sponsor State of California, Senate
Description: In 2017, the California State Senate approved Senate Bill (SB) 379 which requires the General
Plan's Safety Element to address climate adaptation and resilience strategies This must be done after the
next revision to the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) or by January 2022 if the city/county does not
have a LHMP If the jurisdiction has an approved and adopted LHMP it can be summarized and
incorporated by reference into the Safety Element
Title: Assembly Bill (SB) 477
Sponsor State of California, Assembly
Description In 2019, the California State Assembly approved Assembly Bill (AB) 477 AB 477 requires local
Jurisdictions (cities/counties) to include representatives from the access and functional needs population
in the next update of the Emergency Plan The primary focus areas include, but are not limited to
emergency communications, emergency evacuations, and emergency sheltering
Title Assemble Bill (AB) 2140
Sponsor State of California, Assembly
Description In 2006, the California State Assembly approved Assembly Bill (AB) 2140 AB 2140 enables
the state of California to provide greater than 75% of the eligible state share if a local jurisdiction
(city/county) has an approved and adopted LHMP as part of the General Plan's Safety Element
Title: California Building Codes
Sponsor State of California
Description The City abides by and is governed by California 2010 Building Codes adopted in February
2014, including sections on electric, plumbing, mechanical, green, and residential requirements,
standards and regulations
Title. San Bernardino County Building Codes
Sponsor San Bernardino County
Description An amendment to Title 6 of the County of San Bernardino Building Code to adopt by
reference the 2010 Editions of the California Building Standards Codes became effective on January 2011
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Title California Zoning Ordinance
Sponsor State of California
Description: The City has adopted a Zoning Ordinances as part of the General Plan process These
ordinances regulate land use and map the official land use and hazard overlay districts, to include safety
hazard and environmental protection areas
Title Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance
Sponsor State of California
Description- Over the years, the State of California has been promoting water conservation for all new
development within the State In a drought -prone California, where approximately 60 percent of all
residential water is used in landscape applications, California lawmakers have adopted such legislation as
Assembly Bill (AB) 325 (1990), AB 2717 (2004), and AB 1881 (2006) that outline, and in some instances
mandate, the practice of water conservation in landscape applications As part of AB 325, the Department
of Water Resources (DWR) prepare and promote the State's first Model Water Efficient Landscape
Ordinance (MWELO) In 2006, State lawmakers adopted AB 1881, which gave guidelines and timelines for
revision of the State's MWELO and mandated that every city, county, or other agency within the State of
California adopt the State's revised MWELO, or be in compliance with it through their own ordinance, by
January 2010 San Bernardino County has adopted and revise Development Code Chapter 83 10 which
sets forth landscaping and irrigation standards within the unincorporated areas of the County
Title: Emergency Planning and Community Right -to -Know Act
Sponsor State of California
Description The Emergency Planning and Community Right -to -Know Act (EPCRA) was created to help
communities plan for emergencies involving hazardous substances EPCRA has four (4) major provisions
one (1) deals with emergency planning and three (3) deal with chemical reporting EPCRA local emergency
planning requirements (Sections 301 to 303) stipulate that every community in the United States must be
part of a comprehensive emergency response plan Facilities are required to participate in the planning
process State Emergency Response Commissions (SERCs) oversee the implementation of EPCRA
requirements in each state
Title Hazard Mitigation Plan Ordinance
Sponsor: City of Redlands
Description: The City of Redlands has adopted Ordinances 2639 and 2485 that require the Emergency
Management to be responsible for the development and update of the City of Redlands Emergency Multi -
hazard Functional Plan and Hazard Mitigation Plan Emergency Multi -hazard Functional Plan shall provide
for the effective mobilization of all of the resources of the City, both public and private, to meet any
condition constituting a local emergency, state of emergency, or state of war emergency Both plans shall
take effect upon adoption by resolution of the city council (Ord 2639 § 3, 2006 Ord 2485 § 4 [5], 2002)
The City of Redlands Title 2 — Administration and Personnel Chapter 2 52 150 — Emergency Organization
Ordinance 2639)
4 2 2 PLANS, REPORTS, STUDIES
Title: General Plan and Environmental Impact Report
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description All cities and counties in California are required to adopt a General Plan that lays out major
policy goals The General Plan includes elements, which are sections that address a variety of important
topics The element most closely related to Mitigation is the Safety and Hazardous Waste Element, which
focuses on natural, technological, and other human caused hazards The aim of the Safety and Hazardous
Waste Element is to reduce the potential risk of death, injury, property damage, and economic and social
27
dislocation resulting from fires, floods, earthquakes, landslides, and other hazards The Safety and
Hazardous Waste Element identifies all significant hazards and risks in a community and defines policies
to mitigate and respond to those risks In addition to ensuring that the General Plan incorporates
information from the LHMP in to the Safety Element, the General Plan is also reviewed while producing
the LHMP to ensure goals, objectives, and mitigation actions are compatible and in sync with each other
Title Emergency Operations Plan
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description• all -hazard plan describing how the City will organize and respond to incidents It is based on
and is compatible with the laws, regulations, plans, and policies listed above The Emergency Operations
Plan (EOP) also addresses the integration and coordination of resources and activities with other
Governmental Agencies, Special Districts, and private -sector partners
Title Transit Villages Specific Plan (Draft)
Sponsor- City of Redlands
Description: This Specific Plan provides a "road map" for the growth and change for the plan area until
the year 2040 It is comprised of unique and customized standards that enable the City to shape or reshape
its streets and public spaces and property owners to develop or redevelop their properties according to
the vision of the Specific Plan The Specific Plan area is generally bound to the west by Kansas Street,
Redlands Boulevard, Alabama Street, and Tennessee Street, to the north by the 1-10 Freeway, Colton
Avenue, and Sylvan Boulevard, to the east by Judson Street, and the south by Citrus Avenue, Central
Avenue, Redlands Boulevard, Olive Avenue, Brookside Avenues, Ash Street, Pine Avenue, Tennessee
Street, and State Street
Title Drainage Master Plan
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description: The Master Plan of Storm Drainage covers the City and adjacent areas that are tributary to
the major regional flood control facilities that traverse through the City The City of Redlands has a long
history of flooding during moderate to severe storm events One of the main causes for flooding is the
lack of conveyance capacity in the historical channel of Mission Zanja (Zanja) The Zanja, formerly known
as the Mill Creek Zanja, is a surface channel that flows from the Crafton Hills area, west to 9th Street, near
downtown Redlands, where it transitions into a box culvert The Zanja was built by the natives in 1819 as
a water -supply, irrigation ditch, pulling flows from Mill Creek Due to extensive flooding and development,
the diversion of flow from Mill Creek was blocked Nonetheless, the Zanja was never improved to convey
local storm flows and the drainage area tributary to the 9th Street storm drain still produces flows that
far exceed the capacity of the box culvert, causing extensive flooding through the downtown area
Title: Strategic Plan• 2014-2017
Sponsor: City of Redlands
Description Utilizing the City Council's five (5) priority focus areas of Fiscal Accountability, Economic
Development, Infrastructure, Land Resource Management, Safety and Community Services, the Strategic
Plan highlights activities and accomplishments that City staff will complete in the coming three years
Title Existing Conditions Report
Sponsor: City of Redlands
Description Part of the General Plan Used to provide background information and technical analysis to
inform the planning process The report describes Redlands' planning context and delves into the topics
of land use and development, growth management, demographics and economics, community design,
transportation and circulation, parks, recreation, and open space, historic resources, biological resources,
hazards, public utilities and services, and noise
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Title Downtown Specific Plan
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description: The plan's primary goal is to support the economic vitality of Downtown Redlands, and it
seeks to facilitate the development of financial, technical, professional and research -development offices
and services Downtown, supported by retail, restaurants, entertainment, and cultural activities
Downtown Specific Plan covers a larger area, including residential and civic areas in south Downtown The
plan also has a new emphasis on mixed -use and transit -oriented development, including guidelines to
ensure compatibility with historic buildings The plan identifies districts and corridors, and provides
direction for vehicle and pedestrian circulation, and pedestrian -oriented street design
Title East Valley Corridor Specific Plan
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description aims to strengthen the local economy, attract major businesses, and result in the orderly and
aesthetic development of industrial, commercial, and residential areas in the East Valley Corridor Specific
Plan (EVCSP) plan area The EVCSP plan area is composed of 4,350 acres adjacent to 1-10 and 1-210, and
includes portions of the City of Redlands and the City of Loma Linda, as well as unincorporated area under
jurisdiction of San Bernardino County (the "Donut Hole") surrounded by the City of Redlands
Title Community Sustainability Plan
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description: a conceptual framework for sustainability policy related to water conservation, green
buildings, waste reduction, climate friendly purchasing, renewable energy, carbon emissions, land use
Title Economic Development Action Plan
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description identifies strategies to attract businesses to Redlands, retain and expand existing businesses,
develop a skilled workforce, and market Redlands to visitors
Title: Redlands Municipal Airport Master Plan
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description Plan in order to preserve investment in the airport, reflect community needs, attract airport
tenants and users, preserve the environment, strengthen the economy, and ensure safety
Title: Climate Action Plan
Sponsor: City of Redlands
Description demonstrate how the City will comply with State of California's Green House Gas (GHG)
emission reduction standards As a Qualified GHG Reduction Strategy, the CAP will also enable
streamlined environmental review of future development projects, in accordance with the California
Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
Title: San Bernardino County Desert Area Groundwater Inventory and Atlas
Sponsor San Bernardino County Fire Department OES
Description The San Bernardino County Desert Area Groundwater Inventory (DGI) and Atlas includes a
database providing locational and water depth information for specific regions of the County that
currently do not have a groundwater inventory This DGI and Atlas provides information applicable for
flood mitigation or ground water availability for usage during severe drought The location and water
depth in the inventory are important for an earthquake hazard analysis, if liquefaction potential exists
California Department of Water Resources will give priority to local agencies with adopted groundwater
management plans (SB1938 compliant), and which demonstrate collaboration with other local agencies
in managing groundwater basins County's groundwater management ordinance satisfies this
requirement
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Title Drainage Studies
Sponsor San Bernardino County Public Works -Solid Waste Management Division
Description: Drainage studies including review of upstream properties, site drainage area, potential
upstream development, and site -specific development will help to mitigate damage from future storm
events San Bernardino County owns landfill sites, transfer stations and closed disposal sites where
combined site property totals several hundred acres Landfills and disposal site properties include acreage
that has been constructed to design grades and may include improved drainage systems Also, within
most landfill and disposal site properties there are many acres of property that remain in its natural state
including native vegetation and natural grades During severe weather events both engineered areas and
undisturbed areas are subject to erosion from storm run-off The erosion can range from minor to severe
depending on the storm event and amount of precipitation Most sites where engineered drainage
systems are in place hold up well experiencing only minor erosion and debris flow However, during major
storm events, runoff from native and unimproved areas carrying solids and debris flow may compromise
downstream drainage systems and overwhelm system facilities
Title Mass Care and Shelter Plan Concept of Operations
Sponsor San Bernardino County Fire Department OES/ American Red Cross
Description Outlines the framework of a new one -stop shelter concept, Shelter Operations Compound
(SHOC) It combines a shelter, a Local Assistance Center (LAC) and a Non- LAC Unit in one easy location
Residents can access public information and referral services through the LAC, and then take a short walk
to the Non -LAC Unit for communication, postal services, and other private organizations/business at little
to no cost The ConOps also helped to sync local resources, encourage local self-sufficiency, foster
partnership between public and private agencies, and serve as a reference document for the region
Title Water Conservation Plan
Sponsor: City of Redlands
Description: Chapter 13 06 of the Redlands Municipal Code (RMC), provides guidance on how to reduce
the nonessential use of water to conserve city water supplies, thereby minimizing the effect of a shortage
of water supplies on city users The water conservation plan here established is to 1) protect the health,
safety, and welfare of the citizens and property owners of the city, 2) assure the maximum beneficial use
of city water supplies, and, 3) attempt to provide sufficient water supplies to meet the basic needs of
human consumption, sanitation and fire protection
4 2 3 PROGRAMS
The City of Redlands currently has the following mitigation programs to address the top hazards which
are Flood, Wildfire, Earthquakes, Drought and Hazardous Material It should be noted that some of these
programs were listed under Mitigation Strategy section under the previous LHMP However, because they
are ongoing programs, they have since been removed from the Mitigation Strategy section and only
captured here
Title: Flood Programs
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description The City has implemented the Flood Control, ADA Ramps, Sidewalks, Trees and Parks (FAST)
Program to inform the City of Redlands residents of funding needs for critical infrastructure and to solicit
residents' input regarding the preparation of a possible ballot measure to provide revenue to meet those
needs Community Outreach is done through CERT, Market night and Safety Fairs There are also
Pamphlets provided to residence on flood insurance, and flood preparedness Redlands has committed to
a variety of mitigation measures that will progressively lower flood insurance premiums for those
residents whose properties are located within the floodplain and require the added level of insurance
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protection provided through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) The City of Redlands has
participated with the NFIP since 10/01/2007 and is a class 9 The City of Redlands sends out notifications
to residents upon receipt of FEMA Letter of Map Revisions (LOMR) Letters Residents that reside in flood
prone zones are provided brochures about the NFIP Public notices are published in the San Bernardino
County Sun newspaper, Federal Register and Flood Hazard Mapping website Our continued compliance
include community outreach, LOMR notifications, Flood Insurance brochure and provide FEMA Mapping
tools and provide tools on City of Redlands website
Title. Wildfire Program
Sponsor: City of Redlands
Description The City has an on -going Vegetation Management and Weed Abatement Program to manage
weeds and brush and provided the defensible space (100-foot clearance) for areas prone to wildfire due
to high vegetation area
Title. Earthquake/Geologic Hazard Program
Sponsor: City of Redlands
Description Since 1982, the City of Redlands has participated in long term recovery programs for
earthquakes, wildfires and floods This program provides continued stability to sustain and continue
infrastructure services
Title Drought Program
Sponsor: City of Redlands
Description The City of Redlands is in the process of updating Ordinance 2151 Water Conservation Plan
to address drought The plan will implement a plan to conserve city water supplies, thereby minimizing
the effect of a shortage of water supplies on city users
Title Hazardous Materials Program
Sponsor: City of Redlands
Description: The City of Redlands in coordination with the County of San Bernardino is providing an
outreach program to limit the negative impacts associated with inappropriate discard of hazardous
material into the environment This outreach program will provide community awareness of how to
dispose of the hazardous material The outreach material will be provided at emergency preparedness
fairs and fire safety fairs
Title: Mass Care and Shelter Trailer/Cache Program
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description To increase Mass Care and Shelter capability of the county, grants from 2008-2009 Homeland
Security Grant Program (HSGP) and 2009 Riverside Regional Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI) funded
the Mass Care and Shelter Trailer/Cache Program In December 2012, the program will have procured 36
trailers/caches equipped with mass care and shelter supplies, strategically placed throughout the County
and ready for rapid deployment It is expected to serve over 7,200 residents In addition to enhancing the
comfort levels of shelter residents, the program will produce standardized documents and protocols for
procuring and maintaining Mass Care and Shelter trailers/caches The City of Redlands obtained one of
the 200 person trailers in December 2013
Title: Disaster Council
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description In October 2013, the City of Redlands re -implemented its Disaster Council The meetings are
Chaired by the Mayor and Co -Chaired by the City Manager Disaster Council meetings provide for
communication and coordination between the public and private sectors in the City in analyzing and
developing plans, projects, policies, and procedures for emergency operations
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Title Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description: The City of Redlands recently re -implemented CERT training in October 2013 This three-day
course will provide the citizens of Redlands the much -needed training to prepare in an event of emergency
or a disaster Currently, the city has 150 people trained in personal preparedness
Title Emergency Communications Group
Sponsor City of Redlands
Description• This group is responsible for redundant emergency communications and provides
supplemental communication assistance to City agencies in the event of a disaster, emergency, or other
designated event The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in Part 97, Sub -part E of the
Commission's Rules provide for the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES) The purpose of RACES
is to provide communication support to government during periods of local, regional or national
emergency
4 3 TECHNICAL RESOURCES
4 31 PROFICIENCIES AND EXPERTISE
The City of Redlands has many proficiencies and expertise that can be leveraged in support of mitigation
efforts In addition to public safety and fire suppression capabilities, the City has access to staff with skills
in Engineering/Construction, Planning, Environmental, Project/Grant Management, Economic
Development, Debris Removal, HazMat Response, and Water resources
4.3.2 TECHNOLOGY
As with many jurisdictions, the City of Redlands has been increasing its technology capabilities This
includes providing secure platforms to store and access information, means of ensuring continuity of
government, and general technical support A significant capability available to support mitigation efforts
is the establishment of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) group GIS is a computer system for
capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface By relating
seemingly unrelated data, GIS can help individuals and organizations better understand spatial patterns
and relationships The GIS group is able to analyze and generate reports of critical data (land use, built
environment, natural environment), able to demonstrate potential ramifications of actions or events, and
generate graphic representation of results
4 3 3 COMMUNICATIONS
The City of Redlands has several platforms to communicate with staff, surrounding jurisdictions, and the
general public In addition to the standard methods (telephone/cell phones, emails), the City has
inoperable communication capabilities (radio communications and satellite communications) In addition
to the above, 2-way communications platforms, there are several "push" platforms that can be used
These consist of television, broadcast radio, websites, and social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,
Nextdoor)
The City of Redlands Emergency Notification System will communicate emergency and other urgent
messages to residents and community members within Redlands The system uses both text and voice
messages to keep residents and community members in Redlands informed in case of emergencies that
32
affect areas in which they live or work With this information, residents and businesses can make
arrangements to help ensure the safety of family members, employees, pets, and property in the event
of fires, floods, earthquakes, or other types of disasters In the event of an emergency, residents and
community members will receive a message with the latest information and safety instructions The
system is programmed to know whether or not the message has been delivered to a person, recorded to
voicemail, or was not delivered due to a telephone system error The system will continue to attempt to
deliver its message until the message is successfully delivered to a person, or until the message expires
The system utilizes the area's 9-1-1 database, provided by the local telephone company, and thus is able
to contact land -line telephones whether listed or unlisted
4.4 FISCAL RESOURCES
The financial resources of the City of Redlands are allocated to and accounted for in various funds based
upon the purposes for which the funds are to be spent and the means by which spending activities are
controlled The varies funds include Governmental Funds, Proprietary Funds, and, Fiduciary Funds
• Governmental Funds- used for most of city governmental functions There are four (4) types of
Governmental Funds General Fund, Special Fund, Debt Services Fund, and, Capital Project Funds
• General Fund- the operating fund used to account for all activities, expect those requires to be
accounted for in another fund
• Special Fund- used for proceeds of specific revenue sources that are restricted to expenditures
of special purposes
• Debt Services Fund- used for accumulation of resources and the payment of principal, interest
and related costs of general long-Oterm debt
• Capital Project Funds- used for resources for the acquisition or construction of major capital
facilities
Proprietary Funds- used for government's business -type activities These funds recover the cost
of providing services through fees and charges on those who use their services There are two (2)
types of Proprietary Funds Enterprise Funds, and, Internal Services Funds
• Enterprise Funds- used for services provided primarily to external customers and legal
requirements or management policy required services, including capital, be fully recovered
through fees and charges
• Internal Services Funds- used for services provided to other funds, departments, or agencies of
the government Costs are allocated to the benefitting funds in the form of fees and charges
in order to recover the full cost of providing services
Fiduciary Funds- used for assets held in a trustee or agency capacity for outside parties, including
individuals, private organizations and other government
4 41 GOVERNMENT FUND
The primary account under the Government Fund is the General Fund Reallocation of the General Fund
is the main source of funds the City can access to implement mitigation projects The following figure from
the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CARF) illustrate where the City of Redlands General Funds
come from and how the General Fund money is spent (Figure 4 2)
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Figure 4 2- City of Redlands General Fund Allocation
WHERE DOES THE MONEY COME FROM?
General Fund Revenues and Other Financing Sources
Charges for
Services
$6,338,37
9%
Investment a
Other Income
$6.313.335
9%
Business licenses
$2,912,756
4%
Transfers from Other
Funds
$3,785,708
5%
Other Taxes
- $3.739.576
5%
~ - Transfers from
Reserve
$160,000
0%
HOW DOES THE MONEY GET SPENT?
General Fund - Expenditures and Other Financing Uses
Transfers to Reserve
$39.543
0%
Debt Service
$191.978
0%
Supplies
$1.517.328
2%
Transfer to Other
Funds
S6.667.431
9%
Gaols! Outlay
$576.435
1%
According to the CARF, by the end of June 2019, the total fund balance reported for the general fund was
$39,647,517, an increase of $3 9 million, or 10 9%, from the prior year fund balance of $35,734,630 As a
measure of the General Fund's liquidity, it can be useful to compare the total fund balance to total fund
expenditures, which indicates that fund balance is 59 3% of general fund expenditures, however only
$17,654,773 of the $39 6 million fund balance is unassigned The unassigned fund balance of $17 7
million, together with the $8 3 million fund balance committed to stabilization arrangement
(contingencies), is the only portion of fund balance readily available for spending and represents 39 1% of
general fund expenditures Total general fund expenditures this year were $66 3 million, which is 4 9%
greater than the prior year amount of $63 3 million, and total General Fund revenues was $72 6 million,
or 5 8% greater than the prior year amount of $68 6 million
4.4.2 PROPRIETARY AND FIDUCIARY FUNDS
Other means to implementing mitigation projects is the utilization of Proprietary and Fiduciary Funds
While there are a variety of options that the City may be able to access under these funds, the primary
funds will be those secured through project grants, such as the FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA)
programs- Hazard Mitigation Grant Program- HMGP, Flood Mitigation Assistance- FMA, or Building
Resilient Infrastructure and Communities- BRIC (formerly, the Pre -Disaster Mitigation- PDM program)
Currently, other than the grant to fund the update of this LHMP, the City has not received any FEMA HMA
grants over the past five (5) years
34
5 HAZARD ASSESSMENT
5.1 OVERVIEW
The purpose of this section is to capture the approach used by the City of Redlands LHMP Planning Team
to identify and prioritize (screen) hazards in its community This is an important step to ensure all potential
hazards are considered and relevant hazards ranked as to the greatest concern within the community
This section also presents relevant information (profiles) on each hazard in the community The "Hazard
Profiles" provide a description of the hazard, the location and/or extent of the hazard within the
community, the history of the hazard within the community, the probability of the hazard occurring in the
community, and a discussion of any considerations needed due to changing conditions (i e , climate) This
information was referenced when prioritizing hazards
5 2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
The Planning Team went through an extensive effort to identify all of the hazards present in the
community The Planning Team started with the list of hazards in the City of Redlands 2015 LHMP and
augment the list as necessary This augmentation considered adding, removing, and renaming of hazards
to create a list of all potential hazards in the community The Planning Team utilized several external
resources to ensure they were considering all potential hazards These resources included the State of
California HMP (2018), the San Bernardino County OA LHMP (2017), and several other surrounding
community LHMPs (i e , Colton, Loma Linda, Yucaipa) This helped the Planning Team understand
statewide, countywide, and surrounding area hazard concerns Each hazard identified in the external
resources were reviewed and considered by the Planning Team After careful review and consideration,
the Planning Team identified the following hazards for inclusion in the City of Redlands LHMP update
Aircraft Accident/Incident
Civil Disturbance
Dam Breach
• Drought
• Earthquake
• Energy Shortage/Power Outage
• Extreme Temperature
• Flood
• Hazardous Material Accident
Infectious Disease
Infestation
• Landslide
• Technology Disruption
Terrorism
Train Accident/Incident
• Wildfire
Windstorm
As a note, no hazards from the City of Redlands 2015 LHMP were removed, however, the Planning Team
added four (4) new hazards aircraft accident/incident, civil disturbance, technology disruption, and train
35
accident/incident It is also important to note that the Planning Team did revise the name and description
of some hazards to provide more clarity and understanding of the hazard This step also led to separating
and creating distinct individual hazards (i e , Power Outage/Excessive Heat) The changes to the hazard
descriptions and other relevant hazard information are captured under sub section 5 4- Hazard Profiles
5.3 HAZARD SCREENING AND PRIORITIZATION
After the list of hazards was identified, the Planning Team went through a process to prioritized (screened)
the hazards to determine which hazards created the greatest concern in the community The Planning
Team utilized the same non -numerical ranking system that was implemented during the last update to
the City of Redlands LHMP This process consists of generating a qualitative ranking, High, Medium, or
Low rating for 1) Probability, and, 2) Impact from each hazard As part of this process, the following
criteria (definitions) were applied
• Probability
High (Highly Likely/Likely) There may or may not have been historic occurrences of the
hazard in the community or region but experts feel that it is likely that the hazard will
occur in the community Citizens feel that there is a likelihood of occurrence
Medium (Possible) There may or may not have been a historic occurrence of the hazard in the
community or region but experts feel that it is possible that the hazard could occur in
the community Citizens may feel that there is a likelihood of occurrence
Low
(Unlikely) There have been no historic occurrences of the hazard in the community or
region and both experts and citizens agree that it is highly unlikely that the hazard
will occur in the community
Impact
High (Catastrophic/Critical) Both experts and citizens feel that the consequences will be
significant in terms of building damage and loss of life
Medium (Limited, but not insignificant) Consequences are thought to be modest in terms of
building damage and loss of life, limited either in geographic extent or magnitude
Low (Negligible) Consequences are thought to be minimal in terms of building damage and
loss of life, limited either in geographic extent or magnitude
After each hazard was ranked using the above criteria, the results were displayed in a graph to assist the
Planning Team validate the results (Figure 5 1) The Planning Team determined all hazards falling within
the gray -colored boxes were Tier I priority hazards, those within the blue -colored boxes were Tier II
priority hazards, and those within the white -colored boxes were Tier III priority hazards The higher
priority hazards (Tier I and Tier 11), reflect those hazards the Planning Team determined the community
should focus on over the next five (5) years This does not mean that the community will not address the
lower priority hazards It means if resources are limited (i e , funding, staffing), the primary focus will be
on the higher priority hazards
36
High
Figure 5.1- Hazard Prioritization Matrix
Impact
Medium
• Energy Shortage/Power • Wildfire
Outage • Windstorm
• Earthquake • Aircraft • Drought
• Flood Accident/Incident • Infestation
• Infectious Disease • HazMat Accident • Extreme Temperature
• Technology Disruption
5.4 HAZARD PROFILES
• Civil Disturbance
• Landslide
• Train Accident/Incident
• Terrorism
• Dam Breach
The Hazard Profiles include the incorporation of all new information, material, and reports to better help
the Planning Team and the community understand the hazard The hazards are organized alphabetically
by the priority screening ranking (i e , Tier I, Tier II, and Tier III) The hazards assessed by the Planning
Team are summarized below
5 41 TIER I
The hazards, in alphabetical order, under Tier I include Earthquake, Energy Shortage/Power Outage,
Flood, Infectious Disease, Wildfire, and, Windstorm
5.4.1.1 EARTHQUAKE
• Ranking- Probability- Medium, Impact- High
- Description
An earthquake is caused by a release of strain within or along _ __
the edge of the Earth's tectonic plates, producing ground a , a - .-
motion, surface fault rupture, and secondary hazards such as =fin -Q'.
ground failure For hundreds of millions of years, the forces �` ---
of plate tectonics have shaped the Earth as the huge plates Continental crust Continental crust
that form the Earth's surface move slowly over, under, and Lithosphere • Lithosphere
past each other Sometimes the movement is gradual At ▪ - -- — -- —
other times, the plates are locked together, unable to release \andent oceanic crust
the accumulating energy When the accumulated energy Continental continental convergence
grows strong enough, the plates break free causing the ground to shake Most earthquakes occur at the
boundaries where the plates meet, however, some earthquakes occur in the middle of plates
Asthenosphere
37
The severity of the shaking increases with the amount of energy released, decreases with distance from
the causative fault or epicenter, and is amplified by soft soils After just a few seconds, earthquakes can
cause massive damage and extensive casualties A fault is a fracture between blocks of the earth's crust
where either side moves relative to the other along a parallel plane to the fracture
There are three (3) different types of earthquake faults 1) Normal, 2) Thrust, and, 3) Strike -slip Normal
fault and Thrust faults are examples of dip -slip faults Dip -slip faults are slanted fractures where the blocks
mostly shift vertically If the earth above an inclined fault moves down, the fault is called a normal fault,
but when the rock above the fault moves up, the fault is called a reverse (or trust) fault Thrust faults have
a reverse fault with a dip of 45° or less
w0
Normal Fault Thrust Fault
Strike -slip faults are vertical or almost vertical rifts where the earth's plates move mostly horizontally
From the observer's perspective, if the opposite block looking across the fault moves to the right, the slip
style is called a right lateral fault, if the block moves left, the shift is called a left lateral fault
Strike -slip Fault
The effect of an earthquake on various locations throughout the felt area is called the intensity The
intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such as people awakening, movement of
furniture, damage to chimneys, and total destruction of property The scale currently used in the United
States is the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale (Table 5.1) It was developed in 1931 by the American
seismologists Harry Wood and Frank Neumann This scale is composed of increasing levels of intensity
designated by Roman numerals that range from imperceptible shaking (MMI I) to catastrophic destruction
(MMI X) It does not have a mathematical basis, instead, it is an empirical scale based on observed effects
38
Table 5.1- Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale
Intensity
Shaking
Description
I
Not Felt
Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions
II
Weak
Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings
III
Weak
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings Many
people do not recognize it as an earthquake Standing motor cars may rock slightly
Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck Duration estimated
IV
Light
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day At night, some awakened Dishes,
windows, doors disturbed, walls make cracking sound Sensation like heavy truck striking
building Standing motor cars rocked noticeably
V
Moderate
Felt by nearly everyone, many awakened Some dishes, windows broken Unstable
objects overturned Pendulum clocks may stop
VI
Strong
Felt by all, many frightened Some heavy furniture moved, a few instances of
fallen plaster Damage slight
VII
Very
Strong
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction, slight to moderate in
well-built ordinary structures, considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed
structures, some chimneys broken
VIII
Severe
Damage slight in specially designed structures, considerable damage in ordinary
substantial buildings with partial collapse Damage great in poorly built structures Fall
of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls Heavy furniture overturned
Violent
Damage considerable in specially designed structures, well designed frame structures
thrown out of plumb Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse
Buildings shifted off foundations
X
Extreme
Some well-built wooden structures destroyed, most masonry and frame structures
destroyed with foundations Rails bent
However, most people are familiar with the Richter scale, a method of rating earthquakes based on the
amplitude of seismic waves - an indirect measure of energy released (Table 5 2) The Richter scale is
logarithmic Each one -point increase corresponds to a 10-fold increase in the amplitude of the seismic
shock waves and a 32-fold increase in energy released For example, an earthquake registering magnitude
7 0 on the Richter scale releases over 1,000 times more energy than an earthquake registering magnitude
5 0 It should be noted that while an earthquake may have many intensity values across the impacted
area, there is just one Richter magnitude associated with each event
Table 5 2 Richter Scale
Magnitude
Earthquake Effects
0 1 9
Micro- Not felt by people
2
0-2
9
Minor- Felt by few people
3
0-3
9
Minor- Felt by some people, inside objective can be seen shaking
4
0-4
9
Light- Felt by most people, inside object shake and fall
5
0-5
9
Moderate- Felt by everyone, damage and possible collapse of unreinforced buildings
6
0-6
9
Strong Felt by everyone, widespread shaking/damage, some buildings collapse
7
0-7
9
Major- Felt by everyone, widespread shaking/damage, many buildings collapse
Great Felt by everyone, widespread shaking/damage, most buildings collapse
39
Ground shaking and ground deformation (i e , surface fault rupture, landslides, and liquefaction) are the
specific hazards associated with earthquakes The severity of these hazards depends on several factors,
including soil and slope conditions, proximity to the fault, magnitude, and the type of earthquake
• Ground Shaking- Ground shaking is the motion felt on the earth's surface caused by seismic
waves generated by the earthquake It is the primary cause of earthquake damage The
strength of ground shaking depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, the type of fault,
distance from the epicenter (where the earthquake originates), and local soil conditions Soils
and soft sedimentary rocks near the earth's surface can amplify earthquake ground shaking
Amplification increases the magnitude of the seismic waves generated by the earthquake
The amount of amplification is influenced by the thickness of geologic materials and their
physical properties Buildings and structures built on soft and unconsolidated soils can face
greater risk Amplification can also occur in areas with deep sediment filled basins and on
ridge tops Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is a measure of the strength of ground shaking
Larger PGAs result in greater damage to structures PGA is used to depict the risk of damage
from future earthquakes by showing earthquake ground motions that have a specified
probability (10%, 5%, or 2%) of being exceeded in 50 years return period These values are
often used for reference in construction design, and in assessing relative hazards when
making economic and safety decisions
• Surface Fault Rupture- As previously mentioned, the sudden sliding of one part of the earth's
crust past another releases the vast storage of elastic energy in the rocks as an earthquake
The resulting fracture is known as a fault, while the sliding movement of earth on either side
of a fault is called fault rupture Fault rupture generally begins below the ground surface at
the earthquake hypocenter, typically between three and ten miles below the ground surface
in California If an earthquake is large enough, the fault rupture will reach the ground surface
(referred to as "surface fault rupture"), wreaking havoc on structures built across its path
Structures built across the fault are a risk of significant damage from surface fault rupture In
California, the 1972 Alquist-Priola Earthquake Fault Zoning Act prohibits the siting of most
structures for human occupancy across traces of active faults that constitute a potential
hazard to structures from surface faulting Recent large earthquakes in Turkey and Taiwan
have shown that few structures built across the surface traces of faults can withstand the
large displacements that may occur during an earthquake
• Landslides- Earthquake -induced landslides are secondary earthquake hazards that occur from
ground shaking They can destroy the roads, buildings, utilities, and other critical facilities
necessary to respond and recover from an earthquake Many communities in Southern
California have a high likelihood of encountering such risks, especially in areas with steep
slopes (NOTE while mentioned here, landslides are covered under a separate hazards)
• Liquefaction- Liquefaction is the phenomenon that occurs when ground shaking causes loose,
saturated soils to lose strength and act like viscous fluid Liquefaction causes two types of
ground failure lateral spread and loss of bearing strength Lateral spreads develop on gentle
slopes and entail the sidelong movement of large masses of soil as an underlying layer
liquefies Loss of bearing strength occurs when the soil supporting structures liquefy, causing
the structures to settle, resulting in damage and, in some cases, collapse
40
Location and Extent
As noted by the California Geological Survey, California
is divided into eleven (11) geomorphic provinces
California's geomorphic provinces are naturally defined
geologic regions that display a distinct landscape or
landform Each region displays unique, defining
features based on geology, faults, topographic relief
and climate These geomorphic provinces are
remarkably diverse They provide spectacular vistas
and unique opportunities to learn about earth's
geologic processes and history These geomorphic
provinces each have the potential to create significant
earthquakes and associated hazards The City of
Redlands is located in a high seismic activity zone in the
Transverse Range geologic province The Transverse
Ranges are an east -west trending series of steep
mountain ranges and valleys The east -west structure
of the Transverse Ranges is oblique to the normal
Cascade Range
75 150
Miles
CALIFORNIA
GEOMORPHIC PROVINCES
Basin and Range
Transverse Ranges
Peninsular Ranges
Colorado Desert
northwest trend of coastal California, hence the name 'Transverse " The province extends
include San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz islands Its eastern extension, the San
offshore to
Bernardino
Mountains, has been displaced to the south along the San Andreas Fault Intense north -south
compression is squeezing the Transverse Ranges As a result, this is one of the most rapidly rising regions
on earth Great thicknesses of Cenozoic petroleum -rich sedimentary rocks have been folded and faulted,
making this one of the important oil -producing areas in the United States
The more significant faults within the region include the San Andreas Fault, the San Jacinto Fault, and the
Crafton Hills Fault Zone The City of Redlands is geographically located between active traces of the San
Andreas Fault located to the northeast of the City, and the San Jacinto Fault located to the southwest of
the City, with the Crafton Hills Fault Zone located southeastern of the city (Figure 5.2) The San Jacinto
Fault forms the southwestern boundary of the San Bernardino Valley and intersects the City of Redlands
at its southwest corner The fault zone extends approximately 120 miles in distance from its point of origin
in the San Bernardino Valley at the San Andreas Fault The formation of this juncture exists within the
geographical location of the Devore Pass The southernmost section of the zone travels northwest of El
Centro The San Bernardino segment of the San Andreas Fault is located to the east of the City of Redlands
This 50 km segment is considered to be "the currently active segment of the San Andreas fault system to
the northwest of Gorgonio Pass" The Crafton Hills Fault Zone is a series of normal faults, each about 10
km in length or less, located just to the east of the City of Redlands, between the San Jacinto and San
Andreas Faults
41
Figure 5.2- Earthquake Fault Zones in the Vicinity of the City of Redlands
Figure 5 3 depicting the liquefaction susceptibility areas in the vicinity of the City of Redlands There are
considerable areas of Very High and High liquefaction susceptibility in areas of sandy soil associated with
the Santa Ana River, the Mission Zanja, and San Timoteo Creek, but the City of Redlands is located within
an area of Low landslide susceptibility
Figure 5 3- Liquefaction Susceptibility in the Vicinity of the City of Redlands
• History
There are 45 states and territories in the United States at "moderate" to "very high" risk from
earthquakes, and they are located in every region of the country California experiences the most frequent
damaging earthquakes, however, Alaska experiences the greatest number of large earthquakes —most
located in uninhabited areas The largest earthquakes felt in the United States were along the New Madrid
Fault in Missouri, where a three-month long series of quakes from 1811 to 1812 included three quakes
larger than a magnitude of 8 on the Richter scale These earthquakes were felt over the entire Eastern
42
United States, with Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Alabama, Arkansas, and
Mississippi experiencing the strongest ground shaking
Historical and geological records show that California has a long history of seismic events (a list of
significant earthquakes can be found in Appendix 5) In California, movement between the North
American and the Pacific tectonic plates manifest primarily along a region known as the San Andreas Fault
system Experts believe the San Andreas Fault is capable of producing an earthquake of magnitude 8 0+
over the next few years The San Andreas Fault is considered the "Master Fault" because it has frequent
(geologically speaking), large earthquakes, and it controls the seismic hazard in southern California Faults
in the San Andreas Fault zone that passes through Los Angeles County are part of the very active southern
segment This segment includes historically active, active, potentially active, and inactive faults
Southern California area has experienced several earthquakes, two very large earthquakes, the Fort Tejon
in 1857 (M7 9) and the Owens Valley in 1872 (M7 6) are evidence of the tremendously damaging potential
of earthquakes in Southern California The Fort Tejon earthquake surface rupture broke the portions of
the central and southern segments of the San Andreas Fault system (Cholame, Carrizo, and Mojave
segments), resulting in displacements of as much as 27 feet (9 meters) along the rupture zone These fault
segments are thought to have an incident recurrence interval of between 104 and 296 years The most
recent significant earthquake event affecting the region was the Northridge Earthquake At 4 31 A M on
Monday, January 17, 1994, a very damaging earthquake with a magnitude of 6 7 struck the San Fernando
Valley In the following days and weeks, thousands of aftershocks occurred, causing additional damage to
affected structures Effects of the earthquake were felt north into Ventura County, south in Orange
County, and east into Riverside and San Bernardino Counties
In June of 1992, the M7 3 Landers Earthquake ruptured 85 km (53 miles) along a series of faults in a
roughly contiguous fault system, including the Johnson Valley, Landers, Homestead Valley, Emerson and
Camp Rock faults Strong shaking was felt in the City of Redlands The largest aftershock of the Landers
earthquake was the M6 4 Big Bear Earthquake, which caused damage and landslides in the Big Bear area
Declared as Disaster FEMA-947-DR CA, these earthquakes resulted in structural damage to many
residential dwellings in Redlands, including chimneys and foundation slippage Other significant
earthquake events in the region included
• Newport -Inglewood Earthquake, 6 4m (1933)- 120 deaths, over $50 million in damage
• San Fernando (Sylmar) Earthquake, 6 5m (1971)- 65 deaths, over $500 million in damage
• Whittier Narrows Earthquake 5 9m (1987)- 8 deaths, over $358 million in damage
• Sierra Madre Earthquake 5 8m (1991)- 2 deaths, over $40 million in damage
• Chino Hills Earthquake 5 4m (2008)- no casualties and only minor damage
• City of Los Angeles Earthquake 4 7m (2009)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
• El Mayor Cucapah Earthquake 7 2m (2010)- major damages to the area and Imperial County
• Calimesa 4 1m (2011)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
• La Habra Earthquake 5 1m (2014)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
• Fontana Earthquake 4 4m (2014)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
• Running Springs 4 6m (2014)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
• Fontana 4 2m (2015)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
• Big Bear Lake 4 0m (2015)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
• Muscoy 4 4m (2015)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
43
• Banning 4 4m (2016)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
• Cabazon 4 5m (2017)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
• Big Bear 3 5m (2018)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
• Trona (2019)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
• Ridgecrest 71m (2019)- no casualties and minor to moderate damage
Figure 5.4 displays historical epicenters of historical earthquakes located in southern California since
1568
Figure 5 4- Historical Earthquakes in Southern California since 1568
Kern
Ventura
•
▪ •� • �•
•
•
Sent •
•
•�, a•• yam,
,.
•f
• • • ••
._•
•
•
• , • • it7k�
San Dlege ••
Historical
Earthquakes
1769-2019
Magnitude
a • s
Sal 6
•.1•]
•im 1
•f
imam*,
Probability
Earthquakes strike suddenly, without warning Earthquakes can occur at any time of the year and at any
time of the day or night On a yearly basis, 70 to 75 damaging earthquakes occur throughout the world
Recent estimates of expected annualized earthquake loss for the U S totals $5 3 billion per year, with 66%
($3 5 billion) concentrated within the State of California, and $397 million in Riverside and San Bernardino
Counties (FEMA, 20081)
The probability of a significant (M6 7 or greater) earthquake occurring in Southern California in the next
30 years has been estimated to be 97% by the 2007 California Working Group on Earthquake Probability,
as shown in Figure 5 5 California Area 30-Year Earthquake Probabilities (USGS Open -File Report 2007-
1437)
"HAZUS°MH Estimated Annualized Earthquake Losses for the United States", FEMA 366, April, 2008
44
Figure 5.5- California Area 30-Year Earthquake Probabilities
.•Northii
' aliforni
Sacramen
• •
_ San Francisco
30-Year
Earthquake
Probability
100%
10%
- 0.1%
0.01 %
0.001 %
sUSGS
CALIFORNIA AREA
EARTHQUAKE PROBABILITIES
Magnitude N. Calif. S. Calif.
6 7 93% 97%
7 0 68% 82%
7 5 15% 37%
8.0 2% 3%
Probabilities do not include the
Cascadia Subduction Zone
Climate Change Considerations
To date, no credible evidence has been provided that links climate to earthquakes However, climate and
weather does play a significant role in the response and recovery from earthquakes Effects from climate
change could create cascading complications and impacts
5 41 2 ENERGY SHORTAGE/POWER OUTAGE
• Ranking- Probability- High, Impact- High
• Description
For the purposes of this LHMP, Energy Shortage/Power Outage hazards are confined to rolling blackouts
or brownouts and Public Safety Power Shutdown (PSPS) events While some accidents can cause energy
shortage/power outage, they are usually smaller, localized events and are not part of this assessment
Additionally, Energy Shortage/Power Outage hazards can be consequences from other events These
energy shortage/power outage consequences are discussed under the primary hazard event (high winds,
wildfire, earthquake) A brownout is a partial, temporary reduction in total system capacity, while a
blackout is a complete interruption in power A brownout is caused by high electricity demand that is near
or above a utility's production capacity When this occurs, the utility may reduce the flow of electricity to
certain areas to prevent a blackout The state of California has also implemented "Flex Alerts" to bring
awareness to times in which supply and demand of power could become an issue A blackout is a large-
scale service interruption that can happen as a result of severe weather or equipment failure at power
plants There are several factors that can play into energy shortage/power outage 1) increased demand
within the city, and, 2) increased demand elsewhere Because Southern California Edison is part of the
western power grid, increases in other parts in the west region could curtail the energy available to the
City
45
PSPS events are initiated by power utility companies and are implemented in response to severe weather
events The purpose is to mitigate the increased fire risk during "red flag" weather conditions Red flag
weather conditions include high winds, low humidity, and high temperatures By shutting off power, the
utility companies are ensuring that electrical equipment, which can arc and spark, during severe events,
will not exacerbate or start a fire
■ Location and Extent
An Energy Shortage/Power Outage events can occur throughout the entire City
• History
Southern California has experienced a population growth over the years This coupled with changes to
daily life styles (heavier reliance on power) and changing weather patterns have contributed to a higher
demand for power over recent years Because of this, the City of Redlands, like other parts of California,
have had energy shortage/power outage events related to the failure of the statewide or regional systems
not being able to meet demand The Energy Shortage/Power Outage events usually occur during the
warmer summer months and have lasted for a few hours and in some cases days Recently, the City has
experienced several Energy Shortage/Power Outage events due to the power company's implementing
PSPS events in response to Red Flag weather conditions Similar to the power outage during the summer
months, these PSPS energy shortage/power outage are relativity short in duration
Probability
There are no studies that predict the probability of Energy Shortage/Power Outage events, however, it is
expected that there is a higher probability of events occurring during the warmer summer months and
during Red Flag (high temperatures, low humidity, high wind) events
Climate Change Considerations
Climate can play a significant role in Energy Shortage/Power Outage events As temperatures rise due to
changing conditions, it will have significant impacts on energy supply and demand Additionally, changing
climate conditions can create more Red Flag events, causing the power companies to consider to turn off
power to lessen the potential fire threat
5 41 3 FLOOD
• Ranking- Probability- Medium, Impact- High
Description
A flood is a temporary condition (short -duration or long -duration) of partial or complete inundation on
land that is normally dry This condition is generally caused by precipitation (i e , rainfall) Several factors
determine the severity of floods, including rainfall intensity and duration, antecedent moisture conditions,
surface permeability, and geographic characteristics of the watershed such as shape and slope Other
causes of flooding can include a ruptured dam or levee, rapid ice or snow melting in the mountains, under -
engineered infrastructure, or even a poorly placed beaver dam can overwhelm a river or channel and send
water spreading over adjacent land or floodplains According to FEMA, there are several different types
of floods and under some there are subtypes The flooding types and subtypes include
46
• Riverine Flooding- River/Stream Overbank Flooding, Flash Floods, Dam and Levee Failure,
Alluvia Fans, Ice Jam Flooding, Moveable Bed Streams
• Urban Drainage- Drainage system capacity deficiencies
• Ground Failures- Mud flood and Mud flows, Subsidence, Liquefaction
(NOTE while mentioned here, mud flows are covered under landslide hazards and Subsidence
and Liquefaction hazards are covered under earthquake hazards)
• Fluctuating Lake Levels- Increase volume caused by rain, snowmelt, and other runoffs
• Coastal Flooding and Erosion- Storm Surge
In California, some of the more common types of flooding fall under Riverine Flooding (i e , flash flooding),
Urban Flooding, and Coastal Flooding (i e , storm surge) Floods can take several hours to days to develop
A flash flood is a flood occurring in a watershed where the time of travel of the peak of flow from one end
of the watershed to the other is less than six hours Coastal flooding occurs when storms produce large
ocean waves that sweep across coastlines making landfall The following flood characterization designates
the amount of time for response
• Flood Watch- a flood is possible in the area Advanced warning
• Flood Warning- flooding is already occurring or will occur soon in the area Advanced warning
• Flash Flood Watch- a flash flood is possible in the area Little -to -no advanced warning
• Flash Flood Warning- flooding is already occurring or will occur soon in the area Little -to -no
advanced warning
■ Location and Extent
The geographical location, climate, and topography of the City of Redlands make the city prone to
flooding In Redlands, floods usually occur during the winter "wet" season, the time of year with the
highest precipitation totals or heavy rainfalls During significant rainfall years, the season is characterized
by high intensity rainfalls and rapid runoffs or discharge These storm events have inundate streams,
flooded areas, create debris flows (i e , sediment, rock, dead trees) that have plug culverts and damage
bridges/overpasses, and/or, eroded or scared the landscape The common type of flooding in the City of
Redlands is
• Alluvial Fan- Alluvial fan flooding occurs in the steep arid or semiarid mountains found
throughout California Alluvial fans are fan -shaped deposits of eroded rock and soil carried
out of mountains and into valley floors by landslides, mudslides, mudflows, and surface
runoff At the beginning of the valley, alluvial fans are steep and narrow with boulders and
other coarse material The deposited material becomes increasingly fine as the gradient
decreases and the material, mainly gravels, sand and mud, spreads When rain falls, runoff
from the canyon walls flows as a high -velocity sheet that channels into rivulets, and then to
natural drainage courses The rapidly moving water often carries large boulders and other
material from the watershed depositing them into runoff channels, blocking the flow of
water Floodwater then spills out onto the fan, with each event finding a new channel that
soon fills up with deposits and overflows Flooding in alluvial fans often can cause greater
damage than clear -water flooding
47
• Flash Flood- A flash flood is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas, rivers and streams that is
caused by the intense rainfall associated with a thunderstorm, or multiple thunderstorms
Flash floods also occur when a man-made structure, such as a dam, collapses Flash flooding
occurs when the ground under a storm becomes saturated with water so quickly that it cannot
be absorbed The runoff collects in low-lying areas and flows rapidly downhill As a result,
anything in its path is suddenly in rising water A typical flash flood begins with a slow -moving
thunderstorm This usually takes longer to move out of the affected areas and causes the area
to endure a greater amount of rainfall for a longer period of time In addition, a thunderstorm
may pass over an affected area repeatedly, dumping even more rainfall A large amount of
rainfall in a short time can result in flash flood conditions, as can a dam failure or other sudden
spill The National Weather Service's definition of a flash flood is a flood occurring in a
watershed where the time of travel of the peak of flow from one end of the watershed to the
other is less than six hours
• Urban Drainage- The heavy rainfall associated with these storm systems contributes to urban
flooding in a number of ways Primarily, heavy rainfall will often overwhelm the capacity of
the conventional drainage system made up of storm drains, catch basins, sewers, and
additional natural mechanisms for storm -water management These systems typically cannot
handle more than one or two inches of rainfall per hour before they begin to backup and
overflow This amount is further diminished if the storm drains, and other components of the
storm -water management system, have not been adequately maintained, are clogged with
debris such as trash or natural waste, or are old and in a state of disrepair Heavy rainfall,
combined with storm -water runoff, can cause local waterways to rise and overflow their
banks
Four (4) streams drain Redlands, each of which represents a potential flood hazard at peak flows, 1) the
Santa Ana River/Mill Creek (located at the northern edge of the City), 2) the Mission Zanja (also known as
Mill Creek Zanja and Mission Storm Drain), 3) San Timoteo Creek and 4) Live Oak Creek The Santa Ana
River/Mill Creek emerges from its mountain canyon 5 miles northeast of Redlands, spreads out in shallow,
braided channels more than a 1 5-mile-wide wash, mantled with fluvial debris The Mission Zanja (in the
southwest part of the City) was constructed for water supply in 1819 Diverting water from Mill Creek, the
Zanja carried water for 12 miles to support the San Bernardino Asistencia and surrounding farms and
ranches Today, as it traverses an east/west direction, the Zanja drains major portions of the City through
various storm drain systems Taking into account these features and other factors, FEMA has developed
Flood Hazard Maps The most common flood hazard map is the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) 100-year flood zone map (Figure 5.6) The 100-year flood zone map depicts areas within the City
of Redlands that may be prone to flooding It is worth to note that FEMA is in the process of updating the
area flood maps around Redlands These updates will be incorporated into future LHMPs
48
Figure 5.6- FEMA Flood Hazard Areas for the City of Redlands
The flood hazard zones depicted on the map are derived from FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM)
and indicate the probability of flooding happening over a given period of time FEMA National Flood
Insurance Program (NFIP) produces FIRMs The FIRM identifies potential flood risk in geographic areas
The FIRMs are the official map of a community on which FEMA has delineated both the special flood
hazard areas and the risk premium zones applicable to the community Historically, FIRMs were produced
on paper, however, over recent years FEMA has begun the process of creating digital versions- DFIRM
Because of the volume of area, not all FIRMS have been digitized Due to the limited detail and large scale
of the base maps used for most FIRMs, much interpolation between contour lines is done in mapping the
floodplain boundaries This is why you may find discrepancies when actual ground elevations are
surveyed the maps are just the best available graphic representations of the Base Flood Elevations (BFEs)
Definitions of flood zone designations are provided in Table 5.3
49
Table 5.3- FEMA Flood Zone Designations
Risk Level
Flood Zone
Description
High
Moderate to
Low
Undetermin
ed
A
AE
F
X
(Shaded
il
(Unshaded)
D
Areas with a 1% annual chance of flooding and a 26% chance of
flooding over the life of a 30 year mortgage Because detailed
analyses are not performed for such areas, no depths or base flood
elevations are shown within these zones
The base floodplain where base flood elevations are provided
Areas with a 1% annual chance of shallow flooding, usually in the
form of a pond, with an average depth ranging from 1 to 3 feet
These areas have a 26% chance of flooding over the life of a 30-
year mortgage Base flood elevations derived from detailed
analyses are shown at selected intervals within these zones
River or stream flood hazard areas, and areas with a 1% or greater
chance of shallow flooding each year, usually in the form of sheet
flow, with an average depth ranging from 1 to 3 feet These areas
have a 26% chance of flooding over the life of a 30 year mortgage
Average flood depths derived from detailed analyses are shown
within these zones
Area of moderate flood hazard, usually the area between the limits
of the 100-year and 500 year floods
Area of minimal flood hazard, usually depicted on FIRMs as above
the 500 year flood level Zone X is the area determined to be
outside the 500 year flood and protected by levee from 100 year
flood
Areas with possible but undetermined flood hazards No flood
hazard analysis has been conducted Flood insurance rates are
commensurate with the uncertainty of the flood risk
The City of Redlands has also conducted focused flood studies in the area, the majority of which are for
the downtown area The most recent work was done to augment the Redlands Master Plan of Drainage,
to better understand the extent of flooding under the proposed Transit Village Specific Plan project
Redlands Master Plan of Drainage utilized the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water
Management Model (SWMM) to identify flooding potential in the downtown area Inputs into the model
included the then -planned Opal Basin Because the Opal Basin was not realized and there was a need to
expand the downtown area under the Redlands Master Plan of Drainage, another EPA SWMM was run
The results of the expanded EPA SWMM run for downtown Redlands is depicted in Figure 5 7 and Figure
58
50
Figure 5.7- Redlands Transit Village- 100-year Proposed
Figure 5 8- Redlands Transit Village- 25-year Proposed
—
Legend
Max De ph (ft)
05
1 2
O2 3
773 u
*I 145
=5-6
o,E
History
While not always a significant event, floods inundate portions of the City of Redlands almost every year
These smaller flood events create issues for local residents and business with everything from traffic
congestion to localized water damage Most of the smaller flood events do not rise to the level of
significance (i e , requiring local, county, state, or federal declarations) and do not require activation of
the City of Redlands Emergency Operations Center (EOC) The City has not experienced a significant flood
event since 2011 The significant flood events have been known to create considerable impacts During
some significant flood events the flood waters from the upper regions of the Santa Ana River/Mill Creek
were responsible for extensive damage to Orange Street and Alabama Street, ranging from washouts from
five to six-foot high flood waters, to extensive, permanent damages from uncontrollable runoff from the
upper regions of the San Bernardino mountains The following information provides a summary of the
historic significant flooding events in the City of Redlands
• FEMA 1952-DR-CA- (January 2011) The City of Redlands sustained more than 600,000 in
damages costs associated with Emergency Protection and debris removal The amounts
included salaries, benefits, overtime and other professional and special contractual services
for repairs and maintenance supplies Several repairs of damages in various locations in the
amount of $282, 050, $7,870 for repairs of damages on Bond Avenue, Fern Avenue, and
Brookside Avenue, $4,000 with for geologic evaluations services, $10,722 for restriping San
Timoteo Road from Alessandro Road to Fern Street, $12, 585 for emergency street sweeping
of San Timoteo Canyon, and $6,487 for surfacing of damaged playground at Jennie Davis Park
• FEMA 1884-DR-CA- (March 2010) The City of Redlands sustained a significant amount of
damage due to the heavy rains and associated flooding
• FEMA 1577-DR-CA- (December 27, 2004) The City of Redlands sustained over $40,000 in
damages were sustained as a result of the storm
• FEMA 1203-DR-CA- (February 1998) Redlands experienced a continuing series of storms On
February 27 and 28, 1998, the strongest storm created a 2-day event that resulted in
considerable damage and private property loss
• FEMA 1046-DR-CA- (March 1995) The second storm series resulted in more than $12,000 in
damage The most significant damage, however, was the loss of the temporary emergency
crossings at Orange and Alabama Streets Warm tropical rain, coupled with an extreme
snowmelt, created severe flooding conditions in the Santa Ana River Mud, debris, and
boulders swept away both roads, which were replaced in 1993 (FEMA 979) at a cost of
$570,000
• FEMA 979-DR-CA- (January 1993) Produced the most significant damage to the City of
Redlands in recent history Recurrent flooding during the months of December through March
resulted in an over saturation of soil which promoted long-term effects of storm waters in the
City and region Tropical rains melted a heavy snow pack at the higher elevations, producing
increased flood activity With approximately $6 5 Million in damages, but no loss of life, these
storms finally claimed both the Alabama Street and Orange Street bridges The Mission Zanja
again produced flooding along its banks at Sylvan Blvd and Judson Street, resulting in channel
improvements at that intersection Partial collapse of the Zanja occurred again in Sylvan Park
Landslides crushed the Monkey Face Falls waterline, which provides water to residents of
Mountain Home Village One additional water line, serving sparse residences north of the
Santa Ana River, was washed out Repair was affected in October 1993, following subsidence
of the Santa Ana River Several city -owned buildings sustained water damage, including the
Smiley Library, which is on the National Register of Historic Places Landslides occurred in the
San Timoteo/Live Oak Canyon area, resulting in road closures for a portion of the three-month
Declaration period
• FEMA 935-DR-CA- (February 1992) significant flooding occurred as a result of major storm
systems moving through Southern California The three-day storm system produced most of
the 14 96 rainfalls for 1991-92 Historically, the Santa Ana River and Mission Zanja were the
cause of the most significant damages, and due to extensive build out of the southeast area,
storm runoff produced increased flooding of the Country Club area Most significantly, water
run-off from the populated Country Club area traversed a private elementary school as well
as Ford Street and developed subdivisions to the north School property was damaged as a
result of flood waters flowing through the school's parking lot and only street entrance,
resulting in a lawsuit against the City The Bear Valley Pipeline, generally located in Mill Creek
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near Greenspot Road and Florida Street, sustained damage to approximately 400 feet of steel
pipe and supports There was no loss of life or public property
• February 1980 Floods- produced a mirror image of prior floods, as extensive damage again
occurred as a result of rising storm waters and runoff from the upper regions of the Santa Ana
River The Santa Ana River at Alabama Street changed course and completely washed out the
road in two locations, plugged existing culverts, eroded shoulders at various locations,
scoured the existing A C pavement and washed out the existing pipe on the north end of the
river Minor erosion damage occurred on various City streets and some private property The
Zanja experienced collapse between Redlands Boulevard and State Street near Kendall Drive,
as well as in a portion of the channel in Sylvan Park
• September 1976 Flood- an intense local thunderstorm dropped most of its precipitation in a
20-30-minute period At one spot, 3 1/2 inches of rain fell during this time This heavy rain
produced an extremely high rate of runoff, which quickly exceeded the capacity of local
drainage systems Major overflows occurred on the eastern edge of Redlands' downtown
business district, flooding the area and depositing mud up to three feet deep Damages to
houses, businesses, roads, and flood control facilities reached $2 million Mission Zanja
overflowed again in 1978, depositing water up to 30 inches deep in some places
• Flood of January 1969- The storms and floods caused the deaths of at least 13 persons "An
intense downpour on January 25, 1969, climaxed a nine -day period of heavy precipitation
From 10 to 20 inches of rain fell in the lowlands, from 25 to more than 50 inches in the
mountains Emergency crews prevented large property damage with sandbagging and other
emergency work Flooding could have been worse, but the ground was not saturated prior to
the storms, so water was able to percolate into the ground
• February 1969 Flood- Occurred one month after the January storm series hit Since the ground
was by then saturated, property damage was more severe The runoff from the storms
resulted in the greatest flood of record on many streams in the upper Santa Ana River basin
Flooding from Mission Zanja deposited debris on streets, eroded road shoulders and parts of
the Zanja's rock and mortar channel, washed out the bridge at New Jersey Street, damaged
several residences, and inundated four citrus packing plans and several commercial
businesses Estimated damages were $304,000 " (US Army Corps of Engineers, LA District,
Information Bulletin, July 1984) Flood damages in San Bernardino County from both floods
were more than $54,000,000 Damages to residential property in the County were
widespread Damages in the Cucamonga area were particularly heavy hundreds of people
were forced to leave their homes — some for as long as 3 months Damages to businesses and
industrial property in San Bernardino County also were great Agricultural losses were very
severe Flood damaged sewer lines and sewage -treatment plants posed a threat to the lives
and health of many residents of San Bernardino County
• OEP-233-DR- (December 1966) a series of three storms swept through San Bernardino
County December recorded the fourth most severe rainfall period in 76 years of San
Bernardino rainfall history with a near -record 4 23 Nearly one-half mile of Alabama Street
was washed out during flows up to five feet deep Violent flows from the Santa Ana River also
severely eroded the north levee protecting the Redlands Sewage Treatment Plant The Zanja
again overflowed east of Wabash Avenue, poured through an orange grove and flooded the
Crafton School Yard The University area, as well as the Central Business District, was layered
with tons of mud and debris The north approach to the Kansas Street Bridge was washed
53
away, and flows undercut the abutment, dropping the north end of the bridge about two feet
The bridges at both Iowa and New Jersey Streets suffered similar damages
• OEP-211-DR- (November 1965) a series of five storm periods, ranging from light to severe,
inflicted extensive damage in the region The most severe of these storms occurred between
November 20 and 25, when 11 deaths (6 in San Bernardino County) were attributed to the
storms Property damage estimates greater than $11 million were recorded Within Redlands'
Jurisdiction, Alabama Street suffered extensive damage due to flood waters from the upper
regions of the Santa Ana River/Mill Creek Resultant flows put the Redlands Sewage
Treatment Plan out of operation, took the city's largest water reservoir off line and produced
significant damage throughout the northern portion of Redlands and its Central Business
District The Mission Zanja Creek, which flows through Redlands from a controlled diversion
of Mill Creek for irrigation purposes, produced significant levels of mud and debris deposits,
and flooded homes along Sylvan Boulevard Water carried tons of mud from construction -
bared slopes along Palo Alto Drive across Country Club Drive and through the storm drain
channel, which bisects the golf course Many intersections throughout the City were flooded,
with gutters filled to overflowing with heavy runoff Floodwater from the overflow of the
Zanja flooded the basement of the Crafton Elementary School
• November 1965 Flood- a damaging general storm occurred throughout Southern California,
following on the heels of a smaller general storm, which occurred about a week earlier The
antecedent rainfall conditions from the earlier storm left watersheds with a residual moisture
content in the soils thus contributing to the accelerated runoff that occurred as a result of the
intense precipitation Above freezing temperatures in the mountain areas further contributed
to increased runoff Major flood -producing waters emanated from the highest watersheds in
the 10,000-foot ranges The storm has been placed in the category of a small flood likely to
recur every 5-15 years Mill Creek flow was of about a 15-year frequency, the Santa Ana
Canyon flow about a 5-year frequency, and Cucamonga Creek somewhat greater that a 10-
year frequency
• August 1965 Flood- In what was called an "electrifying" flash flood, muddy water cascaded
destructively through the City's streets The muddy runoff overtaxed the capacities of storm
drains and spewed across streets and highways into low-lying areas Water swept into the
basements of the Crafton and Kingsbury schools and flowed through the lobby of Provident
Federal Savings at Orange and State and into the basement where the vaults were flooded
Two youths were rescued after they were swept 1 % miles along a storm drain system,
portions of which are buried pipe extending through downtown Redlands
• April 1965 Flood- During this flood event, fast-moving water spilled out of the debris -choked
channel in numerous spots, creating a serious flood hazard to low-lying homes between
Dearborn and University Streets City officials generally blamed poor maintenance of the
Zanja for the flood One house at Lincoln and Laramie Streets was partially flooded while foot -
deep water swirled through the yards of many homes along the Zanja Small bridges used for
access from Sylvan Boulevard to homes on the other side were under water, but withstood
the pressure
Probability
Flooding tends to occur in the summer and early fall because of the monsoon and is typified by increased
humidity and high summer temperatures The County of San Bernardino Flood Control District initiated a
report following the floods of January and February 1969, which summed up the repetition of flood
54
damage in Redlands and vicinity It stated that "A review of the occurrence of past floods of serious
magnitude in San Bernardino Valley shows that one may be expected on the average of every 20 to 21
years 'Great floods' have been recorded for the years 1825, 1862, 1867, 1884, 1891, 1916, 1938, 1969
and 1993 Available records indicated that the greatest of these by far was the flood of January 1862 If
the reconstructed data for that storm is reasonably accurate, it would have been approximately a once-
in-350-years flood!"
The standard measure for flooding is the "100-year flood", a benchmark used by the FEMA to establish a
standard of flood control in communities throughout the country The 100-year flood is also referred to
as the "regulatory" or "base" flood The term 100-year flood is often incorrectly used and can be
misleading The correct designation is "the 1% annual chance flood", meaning there is a 1% chance that a
flood of that intensity and elevation will occur in any given year, not that the flood will occur once every
hundred years
The 100-year Flood map of the City of Redlands is shown in Figure 1 under the Flood Location and Extent
subsection As defined by FEMA, Zone A, AE, AE Floodway, AH, and AO (lighter shades of blue) indicate a
1% annual chance of flooding, while Zone Shaded X (dark blue) indicates a 0 2% of annual chance of
flooding Complete definitions of flood zone designations are provided in Table 1 under the Flood Location
and Extent subsection
• Climate Change Considerations
Climate change acts as an amplifier to flood hazards Extreme weather events have become more frequent
over the past 40 to 50 years and this trend is projected to continue Rising sea levels and shifting weather
patterns (temperate, winds) are expected to have a significant impact on rainfall frequency, intensity and
distribution, which in turn will have a significant impact on the frequency of flood occurrences
Additionally, warmer weather patterns increase snowmelt, which in turn produces more runoff to the
lower elevations
5.4.1.4 INFECTIOUS DISEASE
■ Ranking- Probability- Medium, Impact- High
■ Description
Infectious Disease is a broad term used to describe illness caused by a specific type of bacterium, parasite,
virus, or fungus organisms Below is a brief overview of the main infectious disease types
• Bacterial Infections- Responsible for a variety of diseases from strep throat to meningitis and
tuberculosis
• Fungal Infections- There are roughly 300 types of fungi known to cause infectious disease
Common types include ringworm, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and pneumocystis
pneumonia
• Parasitic Infections- Responsible for a variety of diseases including malaria, Chagas disease,
and toxocariasis
• Viral Infections- Responsible for a variety of diseases including the common cold, influenza,
mononucleosis, smallpox, and HIV/AIDS
These organisms can be transmitted
55
• Person -to -person (e g, measles, mumps, meningococcal disease, tuberculosis)
• By consuming contaminated food or water, also known as foodborne (e g salmonella, E coli,
botulinum toxin)
• Through animal bites (i e, mosquito, ticks, fleas) also known as vector -borne (e g West Nile
virus, dengue, Zika, malaria)
Newly emerging infectious diseases include Ebola, Zika, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle
East respiratory syndrome (MERS), avian influenza The current pandemic (COVID-19) is linked to the SARS
virus The SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a virus identified in 2003 SARS-CoV is thought to be an animal
virus from an as -yet -uncertain animal reservoir, perhaps bats, that spread to other animals (civet cats)
and first infected humans in the Guangdong province of southern China in 2002 In 2019, in Wuhan China
a new coronavirus was discovered The coronavirus is closely related to the SARS coronavirus The new
virus goes by both COVID-19, standing for coronavirus disease 2019, and SARS CoV-2 Additional detail
about the impacts of the COVID 19 can be found under the History section
Also, of concern are the threats of potential biological terrorism (bioterrorism), the intentional release or
spread of disease (or toxins) Bioterrorism, also known as biological warfare, is not new and has been used
for centuries As early as 600 BC, military leaders have implemented practices to poison water supplies
and infect citizens/soldiers to gain strategic advantages in their efforts to conquer territories Today there
have been occurrences are both at the large scale (by military) and small scale (by terrorist organizations
or individuals) No matter the purpose, the release of organisms could have devastating effects on an
international, national, state, or local level if it is a highly infectious disease
Infectious disease emergencies are incidents caused by these organisms, with the potential for significant
illness or death in the population The impact of infectious disease emergencies can also the local
economy through loss of production and costs of treating or preventing spread of the disease The ability
to recover from an infectious disease emergency will depend on
• The type of biological agent (organism)
• The availability of prophylaxis (i e , vaccine) for responders and the public
• The scale of the current and ongoing exposure
• The mode of transmission and whether transmission can be interrupted
• Whether the event is affecting critical infrastructure such as transportation, law enforcement,
health care, and the medical and food supply chains
There are three (3) common levels (or categories) of infectious disease emergencies Outbreaks,
Epidemics, and Pandemics
• Outbreak- when there are more cases than would be normally expected, often suddenly, of
an infectious disease in a community or facility
• Epidemic- when there are more cases than would be normally expected of an infectious
disease, often suddenly, in a population of a large geographic area
• Pandemic- refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually
affecting a large number of people
Outbreaks, epidemics, or pandemics can occur when a new virus emerges to which the population has
little immunity Public Health measures are used to control outbreaks, epidemics, or pandemics of
56
infectious diseases, and are especially important for diseases with high morbidity or mortality and limited
medical prophylaxis and/or rapid treatment Public Health measures to control disease include
• Isolation and quarantine of persons or products, and legal closure of food establishments
• Control of contaminated food through recall of product
• Control of contaminated water through "Do Not Use', "Do Not Drink" or "Boil Water" orders
• Vector control spraying to target animals, bugs, and/or inspects
Location and Extent
An infectious disease incident can occur throughout the entire city any time during year
History
Infectious diseases have been of concern for many years It is only recently, because of COVID-19 that the
potential risk has been heightened As sited by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the
20th century saw three (3) pandemics, the most notable of which was the 1918 Spanish influenza
pandemic that was responsible for 20 million deaths throughout the world The pandemics are now
known to represent three (3) different antigenic subtypes of influenza A virus H1N1 (in 1918), H2N2
(Asian Influenza in 1957), and H3N2 (Hong Kong Influenza in 1968) Not classified as true pandemics are
three (3) notable epidemics a pseudo pandemic in 1947 with low death rates, an epidemic in 1977 that
was a pandemic in children, and an abortive epidemic of swine influenza in 1976 that was feared to have
pandemic potential Major influenza epidemics show no predictable periodicity or pattern, and all differ
from one another Evidence suggests that true pandemics with changes in hemagglutinin subtypes arise
from genetic reassortment with animal influenza A viruses
Currently, the world is dealing with the effects of COVID-19 According to the CDC, COVID-19 was first
identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 Although most people who have COVID-19 have mild
symptoms, COVID-19 can also cause severe illness and even death Some groups, including older adults
and people who have certain underlying medical conditions, are at increased risk of severe illness Because
it is a new virus, scientists are learning more each day New cases of and death rates from COVID-19 are
rising globally each day Potential vaccines are being tested but to date, there is no known cure
Locally, the City of Redlands has been impacted by COVID-19 both from an economic standpoint, as well
as its citizen impacted by the virus Other infectious disease events include the 2009 H1N1, 2003 Avian
Flu, 2015-17 Zika, 2014-16 West African Ebola, 2015 West Nile, 2013 large scale Tuberculosis, 2004
botulism Type A, 2003 West Nile, and the 2020 Hepatitis A outbreak
Probability
There is an annual risk of experiencing an infectious disease outbreak in the City of Redlands While there
is a continued threat from a novel influenza virus the potential threat of outbreaks and epidemics have
been increased due expanding global trade and accessible national and international travel Infectious
disease outbreaks and epidemics occur on an ongoing basis
Aside from the City of Redlands currently dealing with the effects from COVID-19, annual outbreaks of the
seasonal flu usually occur during the late fall through early spring Most people have natural immunity,
and a seasonal flu vaccine is generally available According to the CDC, in a typical year, approximately 5
57
to 20 percent of the population gets the seasonal flu and flu -related deaths range from 3,300 to 48,600
(average 23,600)
Bird flu (H5N1) is an influenza A virus subtype that is highly contagious among birds, although rare, some
human infections with the Bird flu virus have occurred Most confirmed cases have occurred in Asia, Africa,
the Pacific, Europe and the Near East According to the CDC, there are currently no confirmed human
cases of Bird flu infections but it remains a serious concern with the potential to cause a deadly pandemic
Swine flu (H1N1) was first detected in the United States in April 2009 This virus was a unique combination
of influenza virus genes never previously identified in either animals or people The Swine flu virus caused
more illness in young people and pregnant women than is usual for prior flu seasons, and was declared a
Worldwide Pandemic by the World Health Organization
■ Climate Change Considerations
While many vector -borne diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and murine typhus, are rarely
seen in the United States, the United States are susceptible to these vector -borne diseases Many vector -
borne diseases are climate sensitive and ecological shifts associated with climate change are expected to
impact the distribution and incidences of these diseases Changes in temperature and precipitation
directly affect vector born disease transmission through pathogen -host interaction, and indirectly through
ecosystem changes and species composition As temperatures increases vectors can spread into new
areas that were previously too cold For example, two (2) mosquito vectors that carry malaria are now
found at the U S -Mexico border
5 41 5 WILDFIRE
• Ranking- Probability- High, Impact- High
• Description
Wildfires can be started by natural and mad -made causes There are three (3) different classes of wild
land or wildfires 1) surface, 2) ground, and, 3) crown A "Surface fire" is the most common type and burns
along the floor of a forest, moving slowly and killing or damaging trees A "Ground fire", usually started
by lightning, are fed by subterranean roots, and smolder on or below the forest floor A "Crown fire"
spread rapidly by wind and move quickly by jumping along the tops of trees Wildfires can be classified as
either a wildland fire or a wildland-urban interface (WUI) fire Wildland fires involve situations where a
fire occurs in an area that is relatively undeveloped except for the possible existence of basic
infrastructure such as roads and power lines A WUI fire includes situations in which a wildland fire enters
an area that is developed with structures and other human developments In WUI fires, the fire is fueled
by both naturally occurring vegetation and the urban structural elements themselves According to the
National Fire Plan issued by the U S Departments of Agriculture and Interior, the wildland-urban interface
is defined as " the line, area, or zone where structures and other human development meet or intermingle
with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels "
The WUI fire can be subdivided into three (3) categories (NWUIFPP, 1998) 1) classic wildland-urban
interface, 2) the mixed wildland-urban interface, and, 3) the occluded wildland-urban interface The
classic wildland-urban interface exists where well-defined urban and suburban development presses up
against open expanses of wildland areas The mixed wildland-urban interface is characterized by isolated
58
homes, subdivisions, and small communities situated predominantly in wildland settings The occluded
wildland- urban interface exists where islands of wildland vegetation occur inside a largely urbanized area
Generally, many of the areas at risk within the City of Redlands fall into the classic wildland-urban interface
category
Certain conditions must be present for a wildfire hazard to occur, a large source of fuel must be present,
the weather must be conducive (generally hot, dry, and windy), and fire suppression sources must not be
able to easily suppress and control the fire The cause of a majority of wildfires is human -induced or
lightning, however, once burning, wildfire behavior is based on three (3) primary factors 1) fuel, 2)
topography, and, weather Fuel will affect the potential size and behavior of a wildfire depending on the
amount present, its burning qualities (e g , level of moisture), and its horizontal and vertical continuity
Topography affects the movement of air, and thus the fire, over the ground surface The terrain can also
change the speed at which the fire travels, and the ability of firefighters to reach and extinguish the fire
Weather as manifested in temperature, humidity and wind (both short and long term) affect the
probability, severity, and duration of wildfires Other factors that create concern are drought conditions
and development (the build environment) Drought conditions bring on contributing concerns in that it
can lead to relatively drier conditions and leave reservoirs and water tables lower, thus, creating hotter
fires and less water to fight the fires The expansion of the built environment into previously unoccupied
areas introduces more people to the hazard and in some cases make response actions more challenging
Location and Extent
The climate, topography, and vegetation in Redlands is conducive to annual wildfire events California
Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Fire and Resource Assessment Program (CDF-FRAP) was
established and mandated to map areas of significant fire hazards based on fuels (vegetation), terrain,
weather, and other relevant factors These zones, referred to as Fire Hazard Severity Zones (FHSZ), define
the application of various mitigation strategies to reduce risk associated with wildland fires CDF-FRAP
developed data that displays the relative risk to areas of significant population density from wildfire This
data is created by intersecting residential housing unit density with proximate fire threat, to give a relative
measure of potential loss of structures and threats to public safety from wildfire The maps below show
the "very high" Fire Hazard Severity Zones located in Redlands for state and local responsibility areas
(Figure 5 9)
59
Figure 5.9- Fire Hazard Severity Zones- City of Redlands
Due to a combination of topography, weather, and fuel, and exacerbated by potentially high winds and
limited access, the southern portion of the City of Redlands is highly susceptible to wildland fire hazards
The slopes of San Timoteo and Live Oak canyons, the Badlands to the south, and the Crafton Hills to the
east are not only difficult for firefighters and their equipment to reach, but the hill's steepness and
configuration can result in the rapid upslope spread of fire
Limited rainfall, low humidity, and seasonal high temperatures continue to contribute to the desiccation
of the grasses and chaparral which cover the foothills, providing prime fuel for intense burns Although
some of the canyons are shielded from the direct impact of the powerful, dry Santa Ana winds, their
occurrence generally aggravates the fire hazard In addition, the presence of human activities in or near a
wildland area dramatically increases the risk of a major fire due to careless smokers, illegal campfires, and
other related risks As noted above, the canyon areas located at the southwest of the City (and the
surrounding areas) are the zones of highest hazard
History
Historically, fires in the City of Redlands have started in either San Timoteo or Live Oak Canyon and burn
from a western to easterly direction, driven by prevailing winds and topography Figure 5.10 depicts the
location of significant wildfires since 1950 in the City of Redlands, while Table 5.4 shows the year and
acres of reported wildfires in the City of Redlands since 2000
60
Figure 5.10- Fire History for the City of Redlands and Vicinity, 1950-2020
Fire History J
lws
Table 5 4- Recent Fires Occurring in the Vicinity of the City of Redlands, 2000-2020
Acres
Kecne
1,/98
1UU1
Locust
1,899
2003
Mill Creek
173
2004
Hatchery
200
2005
Edgemont
521
2006
Garnet
119
2008
Helen Fire
22
2009
Helen Spot Fire
0
2009
River Fire
1
2010
30376 Live Oak Canyon Road
2
2011
Florida
67
2011
Greenspot
57
2012
Live Oak
73
2013
Mill
534
2013
Wabash Fire
24
2013
Orange Blossom Trail
0 3
2017
Palmer
3,872
2017
Wash Fire
11
2017
Outer Highway 10
4
2018
Freeway
1
2019
Live
3
2019
Sandalwood
1,005
2019
El Dorado
22,744
2020
Mentone Fire
41
2020
Orange Fire
37
2020
Orange Fire 2
23
2020
Bruder Fire
147
2020
61
• Reche/Redlands Fires- This wind -driven fire originated in Riverside County, in an area known
as Reche Canyon The fire burned northeast over a period of approximately 2 hours, entering
San Bernardino County and threatening residents in the area of San Timoteo Canyon and
Pilgrim Road We were notified by Riverside County that the fire was moving into our county
and expected to burn into San Timoteo Canyon They requested us to assemble engines for
structure protection along Pilgrim Road in San Timoteo Canyon The fire was diverted away
from these structures because of backfiring operations, air support and hand crews into San
Timoteo Overall, the fire damaged approximately 700 acres by containment
• Compost Fire- This fire occurred within the High Fire Hazard Area of the City of Redlands This
area is subject to a great deal of commuter and transient activity between counties Fire was
located at 1901 Alessandro Road, and caused by illegal dumping of organic materials within
the San Timoteo Canyon Chemical reaction resulted in spontaneous combustion of the
compost heap at Sunset Hills Kennels A unified command was established, including
numerous Strike Teams, Hand Crews, Fixed Wing Aircraft, Helicopters and Manpower The
fire consumed 140 acres, and resulted in one firefighter injury
• Canyon Fire- Sparking from railroad train traffic ignited this vegetation fire, which started
adjacent to the Southern Pacific tracks north of San Timoteo Canyon Road and west of
Alessandro Road The high temperature was 99 degrees, with humidity at 24% The fire was
one -quarter acre in size, with medium fuel and moderate rate of spread Winds were out of
the west and steady, at 10 miles per hour Limited access and erratic winds increased the
spread of the fire, which spotted along the base of the hills, west of Smiley Ridge The fire
spread north, up the west slope of the Smiley Ridge subdivision Winds increased, causing a
spot fire in the flats east of Alessandro, adjacent to Sunset Hills Ranch Increased erratic winds
caused another spot fire to occur north of the first, now in heavier brush Incoming resources
attempted a hose lay up the flanks, but terrain and weather conditions advanced the spot out
of reach Due to topography and weather conditions, additional resources were ordered Due
to the fire's potential, a unified command was established and structure groups assigned
Aircraft dropped on all flanks of the fire, and dozers cut lines on two divisions Hand crews
were also placed on all Divisions to facilitate a line between the burned and unburned areas
The fire was 50% contained around midnight and 70% contained by 0600 hours on 9/10/96
The fire consumed 250 acres, with no loss of structures Effective suppression tactics, ignition
resistant construction requirements, residential sprinklers, and fuel modification allowed this
fire to move eastward with no structure loss or damage The fire then presented the potential
of structure loss in older existing neighborhoods where these types of fuel modification had
not been conditioned 15-20 years previous This posed a threat for conflagration potential,
and this is where the Fire Department would like to address hazard mitigation through grant
implementation for existing property owners Costs shown in damage figures are strictly
related to overhead, manpower and equipment
Probability
The majority of work done to estimate the probability of wildfire occurrence has been around identifying
the potential areas for wildfire to occur As previously mentioned, vegetation, weather, and topography
were the significant elements in identifying areas of potential threat to wildfire occurrences The area
south and east of the city of Redlands is marked by mountains, foothills, and canyons are covered in
susceptible vegetation A large amount of the native vegetation in the Redlands area is commonly called
chaparral, it is a dense and scrubby bush that has evolved to persist in a fire -prone habitat Chaparral
plants will eventually age and die, however, they will not be replaced by new growth until a fire
62
rejuvenates the area Chamise, manzanita and ceanothus are all examples of chaparral which are quite
common in the Redlands area The City of Redlands climate, with its warm and dry summers, contributes
to low relative humidity and low fuel moistures When combined with high fuel loading, the potential for
a catastrophic wildfire event is significant Three (3) weather conditions specific to Redlands that may
cause the ignition and/or impact the behavior of wildfires are as follows
• Thunderstorms and the associated lightning are a significant source of fire starts, and usually
occurs mid to late summer
• High winds can become steady up to 20 mph and gust up to 30-40 mph throughout the year
but are most likely to exacerbate midland fires during the months of August through October
when dry vegetation conditions are generally present
• Hot, dry conditions most commonly occur in August and September
This knowledge and understanding are a key driver in the methodology of the CDF-FRAP program
According the CDF, the FRAP "very high" Fire Hazard Severity Zone maps are based on data and models
of, potential fuels over a 30- to 50-year time horizon and their associated expected fire behavior and
expected burn probabilities to quantify the likelihood and nature of vegetation fore exposure to buildings
This indicates a very high likelihood of wildfire occurrence in the area As such, Redlands is susceptible to
annual wildfire risk An aspect of wildfires that needs greater consideration within the City of Redlands is
man-made caused wildfires Over the past few years, the City has noticed an increase in the number of
wildfires started by arsonists, illegal homeless encampments, and improper use of fireworks All of these
factors have increased the probability of wildfires in the City
■ Climate Change Considerations
Climate change plays a significant role in wildfire hazards The changing conditions from wet to dry can
create more fuel, the increased possibility of high winds increase risk and present a challenge, and drought
conditions could hinder ability to contain fires Large wildfires also have several indirect effects beyond
those of a smaller, local fire These may include air quality and health issues, road closures, business
closures, and other forms of losses Furthermore, large wildfires increase the threat of other disasters
such as landslide and flooding
5 41 6 WINDSTORM
• Ranking- Probability- High, Impact- Medium
Description
Winds are often referred to according to their strength, and the direction from which they are blowing
Wind is caused by the difference in pressure from one point on the earth's surface to another Wind is
created by air moving from the area of "higher" pressure to the area of "lower" pressure, the difference
in pressure over a certain distance, determines the strength of the wind Air does not move directly from
the point of highest pressure to the point of lowest pressure The earth's rotation affects the air flow by
deflecting it to the right This effect is called the Coriolis Effect In the Northern Hemisphere, this causes
air to flow clockwise around high-pressure areas and counter -clockwise around low-pressure areas
Winds are categorized by types and each type is associated with wind speeds breeze (<0-31 mph), gale
(32-65 mph), storm (66-72 mph), and hurricane (73-139> mph) Within each category are sub
classifications with differential names depending on geographic location (i e , tropical depression, tropical
63
storm/cyclone) and/or categories (i e , category 3 hurricane) Damage from winds account for half of all
severe reports in the lower 48 states and is more common than damage from tornadoes Winds are also
measured using the Beaufort Scale The Beaufort Scale categories winds by wind speed, using Force
categories between 0-12 to measure speed and summarize descriptions (Table 5 5)
Table 5 5- Beaufort Scale
Category
(Force)
Speed
(MPH)
Description
0
0 1
Calm Smoke rises vertically and the sea is flat
1
1 3
Light air The direction of the wind is shown by drifting smoke, but not wind vanes
2
4 7
Light breeze Wind is felt on the face, leaves rustle, and wind vanes move Small
wavelets appear on the ocean, but do not break
3
8 12
Gentle breeze Leaves and small twigs are in motion, and light flags extend Larg3
wavelets appear on the ocean and crests begin to break
4
13 18
Moderate breeze Dust and loose paper become airborne, and small branches move
Small waves appear on the ocean
5
19 24
Fresh breeze Small trees begin to sway and moderate waves appear
6
25 31
Strong breeze Large branches are in motion, and holding an umbrella becomes
difficult Large waves begin to form
7
32 38
Near gale Whole trees are in motion, and walking against the wind can be hard Foam
from breaking waves is blown in streaks
8
39 46
Gale Walking is difficult and twigs break off trees
9
47 54
Severe gale There is slight structural damage, and the crests of waves begin to topple
10
55 63
Storm Trees are uprooted and there is considerable damage to structures Very high
waves form in long, overhanging crests
11
63 72
Violent storm There is widespread structural damage, exceptionally high waves form,
and the ocean is completely covered in foam
12
>73
Hurricane There is devastating structural damage On the ocean, the air is filled with
oam an spray
For the purposes of the LHMP, windstorms include both 1) cyclonic winds and 2) significant straight-line,
with little -to -no precipitation
Cyclonic winds are the wind which swirl counter -clockwise in the northern hemisphere or clockwise in
the southern hemisphere The biggest differences between hurricanes and tornadoes are how big they
are and how long they last Hurricanes are typically hundreds of miles in diameter, with high winds and
heavy rains over the entire region Hurricanes can last for days or even weeks Tornadoes usually last no
more than a few minutes
• Hurricane- A rotating low-pressure weather system (storm) that has organized thunderstorms
but no fronts (a boundary separating two air masses of different densities Hurricanes
originate in the Atlantic basin, which includes the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of
Mexico, the eastern North Pacific Ocean, and, less frequently, the central North Pacific Ocean
Hurricanes develop in stages, working their way up to hurricane status
— Tropical Wave- A low-pressure trough moving generally westward with the trade winds
— Tropical Disturbance- An organized area of thunderstorms that usually forms in the
tropics Typically, they maintain their identity for 24 hours and are accompanied by
heavy rains and gusty winds
- Tropical Cyclone- A generic term for any organized low pressure that develops over
tropical and sometimes sub -tropical waters Tropical depressions, tropical storms, and
hurricanes are all example of tropical cyclones
- Tropical Depression- An organized area of low pressure in which sustained winds are 38
mph or less
- Tropical Storm- A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained wind speeds that range
from 39 to 73 mph
- Hurricane- A tropical cyclone with sustained winds of at least 74 mph
After the storm reaches Hurricane status, the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is used to
categorizes hurricanes by sustained wind speeds (Table 5 6)
Table 5.6- Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
Category
Wind Speed
Description
1
74-95
Very dangerous winds will produce some damage Well constructed frame
homes could have damage to roof, shingles, vinyl siding and gutters Large
branches of trees will snap and shallowly rooted trees may be toppled
Extensive damage to power lines and poles likely will result in power outages
that could last a few to several days
2
96-110
Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage Well constructed
frame homes could sustain major roof and siding damage Many shallowly
rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block numerous roads Near
total power loss is expected with outages that could last from several days
to weeks
3
111 129
Devastating damage will occur Well built framed homes may incur major
damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends Many trees will be
snapped or uprooted, blocking numerous roads Electricity and water will be
unavailable for several days to weeks after the storm passes
4
130-156
Catastrophic damage will occur Well built framed homes can sustain severe
damage with loss of most of the roof structure and/or some exterior walls
Most trees will be snapped or uprooted and power poles downed Fallen
trees and power poles will isolate residential areas Power outages will last
weeks to possibly months Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks
or months
5
>156
Catastrophic damage will occur A high percentage of framed homes will be
destroyed, with total roof failure and wall collapse Fallen trees and power
poles will isolate residential areas Power outages will last for weeks to
possibly months Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months
• Tornado- A tornado is a rapidly (violent) rotating column of air that is in contact with both the
surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud
Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, and are often visible in the form of a condensation
funnel originating from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud, with a cloud of rotating debris and
dust beneath it Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour, are about
250 feet across, and travel a few miles before dissipating The most violent tornadoes are
capable of tremendous destruction with wind speeds of up to 300 mph They can destroy
large buildings, uproot trees and throw vehicles hundreds of yards They can also drive straw
into trees Damage paths can be in excess of one mile wide to 50 miles long
Most tornadoes form from thunderstorms They need warm, moist air from the Gulf of
Mexico and cool, dry air from Canada When these two air masses meet, they create instability
in the atmosphere A change in wind direction and an increase in wind speed with increasing
65
height creates an invisible, horizontal spinning effect in the lower atmosphere Rising air
within the updraft tilts the rotating air from horizontal to vertical An area of rotation, 2-6
miles wide, now extends through much of the storm Most strong and violent tornadoes form
within this area of strong rotation Tornadoes are measured by the Fujita Tornado Scale (Table
5 7) which classifies tornadoes by intensity categories, based on the maximum winds
occurring within the funnel
Table 5.7- Fujita Tornado Scale
Category
Wind Speed
Description
FO
40-72 miles per
hour
Gale Tornado Light Damage Some damage to chimneys, breaks
twigs and branches off trees, pushes over shallow -rooted trees,
damages signboards, some windows broken, hurricane wind speed
begins at 73 miles per hour
F1
73-112 miles
per hour
Moderate Tornado Moderate Damage Peels surfaces off roofs,
mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned, outbuildings
demolished, moving autos pushed off the roads, trees snapped or
broken
F2
113-157 miles
per hour
Significant Tornado Considerable Damage Roofs torn off frame
houses, mobile homes demolished, frame houses with weak
foundations lifted and moved, boxcars pushed over, large trees
snapped or uprooted, light object missiles generated
F3
158-206 miles
per hour
Severe Tornado Severe Damage Roofs and some walls torn off
well -constructed houses, trains overturned, most trees in forests
uprooted, heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown, weak
pavement blown off roads
F4
207-260 miles
per hour
Devastating Tornado Devastating Damage Well constructed
homes leveled, structures with weak foundations blown off some
distance, cars thrown and disintegrated, large missiles generated,
trees in forest uprooted and carried some distance away
F5
261-318 miles
per hour
Incredible Tornado Incredible Damage Strong frame houses lifted
off foundations and carried considerable distance to disintegrate,
automobile -sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 300 feet
(100 meters), trees debarked, incredible phenomena will occur
F6 12
>319 miles per
hour
The maximum wind speeds of tornadoes are not expected to reach
the F6 wind speeds
Straight-line winds are common with the gust front of a thunderstorm or originate with a downburst from
a thunderstorm The winds can gust to 130 mph and winds of 58 mph or more and can last for more than
twenty minutes Straight-line wind events are most common during the spring when instability is highest
and weather fronts routinely cross the country These storms have wind speeds capable of reaching up to
100 mph, capable of producing a path of damage extending for hundreds of miles Terms and
characteristics of damaging straight-line wind events include
• Derecho- Derechos, Spanish for "straight", are a widespread, long-lived, straight-line wind
storm event that is associated with a land -based, fast-moving group of severe thunderstorms
Derechos can cause hurricane -force winds, tornadoes, heavy rains, and flash floods A warm -
weather phenomenon, derechos occur mostly in summer, especially during June, July, and
August
• Updrafts/Downdraft- Localized regions of warm or cool air will exhibit vertical movement
(updrafts/downdrafts) Updrafts are small-scale current of rising air, often within a cloud A
66
mass of warm air will typically be less dense than the surrounding region, and so will rise until
it reaches air that is either warmer or less dense than itself The converse will occur for a mass
of cool air, and is known as subsidence This movement of large volumes of air, especially
when regions of hot, wet air rise, can create large clouds, and is the central source of
thunderstorms Drafts can also be conceived by low or high-pressure regions A low-pressure
region will attract air from the surrounding area, which will move towards the center and then
rise, creating an updraft A high-pressure region will then attract air from the surrounding
area, which will move towards the center and sink, spawning a downdraft
• Downburst- Strong, downdraft winds flowing out of a thunderstorm cell A downburst is a
straight- direction surface wind in excess of 39 miles per hour caused by a small-scale, strong
downdraft from the base of convective thundershowers and thunderstorms Downbursts of
all sizes descend from the upper regions of severe thunderstorms when the air accelerates
downward through either exceptionally strong evaporative cooling or by very heavy rain,
which drags dry air down with it When the rapidly descending air strikes the ground, it
spreads outward in all directions, like a fast -running faucet stream hitting the bottom of the
sink
ColdAir
Cushion Stage
1
Cushion
Extreme Winds
CaldAir
There are two (2) sub -categories of downbursts the larger macrobursts and small
microbursts
Macroburst- Macrobursts are downbursts with winds up to 117 miles per hour which
spread across a path greater than 2 5 miles wide at the surface and which last from 5
to 30 minutes
Microburst- Microbursts are strong, damaging winds which strike the ground and
often give the impression a tornado has struck They frequently occur during intense
thunderstorms The origin of a microburst is downward moving air from a
thunderstorm's core But unlike a tornado, they affect only a rather small area, less
than 2 5 miles in diameter from the initial point of downdraft impact An intense
microburst can result in damaging winds near 170 miles per hour and often lasts for
less than five minutes There are two (2) types of microburst windstorms dry and wet
a'g mloriihurai
�Aoiel J
it
pry
micnoburit
Dry (6, AdLP4anc
larhig
lAlel microburat
e*P
1
67
• Gust Front- A gust front is the leading edge of rain -cooled air that clashes with warmer
thunderstorm inflow Gust fronts are characterized by a wind shift, temperature drop, and
gusty winds out ahead of a thunderstorm Sometimes the winds push up air above them,
forming a shelf cloud or detached roll cloud
• Haboob- Haboobs, Arabic for blasting/drifting, is a type of intense dust storm carried on an
atmospheric gravity current (i e , thunderstorm), also known as a weather front When a
thunderstorm collapses, and begins to release precipitation, wind directions reverse, gusting
outward from the storm and generally gusting the strongest in the direction of the storm's
travel Haboobs occur regularly in arid regions throughout the world
In Southern California, Santa Ana winds are considered a windstorm event Santa Ana winds are katabatic
winds- Greek for 'flowing downhill" These winds occur below the passes and canyons of the coastal
ranges of Southern California and in the Los Angeles basin Santa Ana winds often blow with exceptional
speed in the Santa Ana Canyon (the canyon from which it derives its name) Santa Ana winds are strong,
extremely dry (low humidity) down -slope winds that originate from cool, dry high pressure air masses in
the Great Basin region (the high plateau east of the Sierra Mountains and west of the Rocky Mountains,
including most of Nevada and Utah) and affect Southern California These winds come up, over, and are
pulled southward down the eastern side of the Sierra Nevadas and into the Southern California region
The air warms as it descends toward the California coast at the rate of 5 degrees Fahrenheit per 1000 feet
due to compressional heating Thus, compressional heating provides the primary source of warming The
air is dry since it originated in the desert, and it dries out even more as it is heated
Forecasters at the National Weather Service offices in Oxnard and San Diego usually place speed
minimums on these winds and reserve the use of "Santa Ana" for winds greater than 25 knots These
winds accelerate to speeds of 35 knots as they move through canyons and passes, with gusts to 50 or even
60 knots Santa Ana winds can happen anytime during the year but are most prevalent in the autumn and
winter months The most significant hazard associated with Santa Ana winds is an increased wildfire
danger, but Santa Ana winds can also cause downed trees and power lines, and property damage, as well
as causing potentially hazardous conditions for RV's, semi -trailers, aircraft and boaters
Location and Extent
Although tornadoes and hurricanes are rare, the entire City of Redlands is susceptible to various types of
windstorms
History
As mentioned, tornadoes and hurricanes are rare in the area but the City of Redlands has experienced
significant straight-line winds events Over the past five (5) years, the City has noticed an increase in local
straight-line wind events Many of the straight-line wind events do not rise to the level of significance or
require the activation of the City's EOC but they do leave behind a trail of damage The straight-line wind
events range in strength of wind and duration but they all have similar impacts, downed trees and
powerlines, injuries, and minor structural damage These straight-line wind events create issues for local
resident and business, including property damage and traffic congestion
68
• Probability
The City of Redlands is at risk of windstorms at any given time during the calendar year However, as
previously mentioned they are more prevalent in the autumn and winter months Santa Ana winds, which
commonly occur between October and February, and can, reach speeds of more than 100 miles per hour
Tornadoes and/or Hurricanes occur infrequently in California, which has a statewide average of just 5
tornadoes/hurricanes a year This is significantly less than states located in the US' "tornado alley", which
can experience as many as 50-100 tornadoes per year or along the southern Atlantic US/Gulf of Mexico
region which can experience twelve (12) named storms, six (6) hurricanes, and three (3) major hurricanes
each year In addition, most California tornadoes and hurricanes are considered "weak", the historical
average occurrence rate of Strong — Violent events in California is zero
• Climate Change Considerations
Climate change will play a significant role with windstorm events The changing conditions are expected
to cause a significant amplification to many existing conditions Because of this, climate change might
impact the frequency and intensity of windstorms Climate change, although still being studied, could
have an effect on high- and low-pressure zones High- and low-pressure zones are created by many
factors, but many are related to uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun Many of the factors that
go into the heating of the earth's surface, but many may be impacted by Climate change (i e , type of
vegetation in areas impact ability to absorb heat, amount of snow cover which reflects heat) In addition
to altering and possibly increasing frequency of significant winds in the area This indicates that the City
of Redlands could experience a greater number of windstorm events in the future
5.4.2 TIER II
The hazards, in alphabetical order, under Tier 11 include Aircraft Accident/Incident, Civil Disturbance,
Drought, Extreme Temperature, Hazardous Material Accident, Infestation, Landslide, Technology
Disruption, and, Train Accident/Incident
5 4 21 AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT/INCIDENT
• Ranking- Probability- Medium, Impact- Medium
Description
Aircraft Accidents/Incidents can occur "in-flight" or "on ground", that either cause death and injuries or
cause substantial damage to an aircraft and/or airport facilities This can include fatalities or injuries as a
result of 1) being in the aircraft, 2) direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have
become detached from the aircraft, or 3) direct exposure to jet blast (with excepts) Damages includes
accidents/incidents that affect the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft
and/or airport requiring major repair or replacement and incidents where the aircraft is missing or is
completely inaccessible For purposes of this LHMP, the definition of "aircraft accident" does not include
"unmanned aircraft accident,"
Location and Extent
Since 1947, the Redlands Municipal Airport (REI) has been serving the area's aviation community
Redlands Municipal Airport is a 180-acre facility with a 4,570 foot long by 75-foot-wide runway serving
69
approximately 240 based aircraft In addition to the Redlands Municipal Airport, the Ontario International
Airport (ONT) and the San Bernardino International Airport (SBD) are in close proximity to the City of
Redlands Figure 5 11 depicts the location of the three (3) local airports in the general area of the City of
Redlands
Figure 5 11- Airports Around the City of Redlands
Ontario
Airport
Airports Near Redlands
Femana
amaminaron
Ruud°. +
auo
lald
H:`.and
San San Bernardino �: Bernardino . tr9a!t(5 la
SD)
canon nn -F' ��i
• ~- L
Bearanas cra!re n
Loma [irtl ~kill,, g Ja
Grand Teera[e
ae
I
rr.a _oma Riverside
Juropa Valley
nnan
... Ash nyinead p r�T1+ne
-, cdrm, Come, e y 6n HFOF. C. nrin. 5:re6r£Rq,uFTVti•54e1srsr f. or 1 O nrugarenl EFA�. rvr5 acne
E
,•
In addition to the local airports, there are four (4) large commercial airports operating in the region The
City of Redlands is transected by the flight pattern from LAX, ONT, SBD, and March Air Reserve Base
History
The City of Redlands has suffered several accidents/incidents in the past Table 5 8 provides an overview
of the events that have occurred since 2008, according to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
Case Analysis and Reporting Online (CAROL) Query Tool All reported aircraft accidents involved small
craft, aircraft
Table 5.8- Aircraft Accidents Since 2008
Accidents
Incidents
Incident Injury Type
Fatal
Serious
Minor
None
Total
8
Dates
3 Jun 2020, Feb 2010, Sep 2009
1 Sep 2011
1 Mar 2015
3 May 2015, Jul 2013, Sep 2011
■ Probability
The possibility of an aircraft accident/incident occurring in the City of Redlands will continue to exist due
to the location (and existing use) of the Redlands Municipal Airport, SBD, ONT, and March Air Reserve
Base It is worth to note, that the Redlands Municipal Airport also supports the US Forest Service and CAL
FIRE NOT heliports during fire seasons Based on historic events and known increase safety standards, it
is anticipated that future accidents/incidents will be minimal The risk to the City of Redlands associated
with these types of accidents/incidents is similar to other general aviation airports in southern California
70
Climate Change Considerations
While there are many devices that monitor and/or track weather conditions, it is expected that changing
conditions are going to impact air travel From the simplest of impacts from temperatures altering takeoffs
and landing, to increase in rains and winds altering flight patterns, changes in our environment could
increase the likelihood of an aircraft accidents/incidents
5 4 2 2 CIVIL DISTURBANCE
• Ranking- Probability- Medium, Impact- Medium
Description
Civil Disturbance is a term generally used to describe disorderly conduct or a breakdown of orderly society
by a large group of people Civil Disturbance can range from a form of protest against major socio-political
problems to riots
■ Location and Extent
Civil Disturbance can occur in any part of the City of Redlands However, it is generally located within
larger, more concentrated, commercial areas
■ History
No significant historical incidents to report to date However, there have been a few small incidents that
have occurred due to recent social and political movements
• Probability
There are no studies that predict the probability of civil disturbance occurrences
Climate Change Considerations
While there is no direct linkage between climate change and civil disturbances, there could be indirect
linkages As climate change impacts are either felt or perceived to be felt it could ignite passions within
people to demonstrate against possible causes or enablers
5 4 2 3 DROUGHT
• Ranking- Probability- Medium, Impact- Low
• Description
Drought can best be thought of as a condition of water shortage for a particular user in a particular
location Drought is a gradual phenomenon and generally are not signified by one or two dry years
California's extensive system of water supply infrastructure (reservoirs, groundwater basins, and
interregional conveyance facilities) generally mitigates the effects of short-term dry periods for most
water users However, drought conditions are present when a region receives below -average
precipitation, resulting in prolonged shortages in its water supply, whether its water supply is provided by
atmospheric, surface, or ground water means A drought can last for months or years, or may be declared
after as few as 15 days
71
Drought is not a purely physical phenomenon, but rather an interplay between natural water availability
and human demands for water supply The precise definition of drought is made complex owing to
political considerations, but there are generally four (4) types of conditions that are referred to as drought
• Meteorological drought is brought about when there is a prolonged period with less than
average precipitation
• Agricultural drought is brought about when there is insufficient moisture for average crop or
range production This condition can arise, even in times of average precipitation, owing to
soil conditions or agricultural techniques
• Hydrologic drought is brought about when the water reserves available in sources such as
aquifers, lakes, and reservoirs fall below the statistical average This condition can arise, even
in times of average (or above average) precipitation, when increased usage of water
diminishes the reserves
• Socioeconomic drought associates the supply and demand of water services with elements of
meteorological, hydrologic, and agricultural drought Socioeconomic drought occurs when the
demand for water exceeds the supply as a result of weather -related supply shortfall
The U S Drought Monitor, established in 1999, is a weekly map of drought conditions produced jointly by
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U S Department of Agriculture, and the
National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska -Lincoln The map is based on
measurements of climatic, hydrologic and soil conditions as well as reported impacts and observations
from more than 350 contributors around the country Droughts are generally categorized into five (5)
categories D1) Abnormally Dry, D2) Moderate Drought, D3) Severe Drought, D4) Extreme Drought, and,
D5) Exceptional Drought There are many considerations that are factored into the determining the
drought status, these include consideration of status on the Palmer Drought Severity Index, CPC Soil
Moisture Model, USGS Weekly Streamflow, Standardized Precipitation Index, and Objective Drought
Indicator Blends
Location and Extent
The entire City of Redlands is subject to drought conditions and water shortages
■ History
It was only recently that the State of California emerged from a proclaimed a State of Emergency due to
extremely dry conditions The longest duration of drought (D1-D4) in California lasted 376 weeks
beginning on December 27, 2011 and ending on March 5, 2019 The most intense period of drought
occurred 2014 and 2017, where at its peak over 50% of the land in California was under Exceptional
Drought (D4) conditions The City of Redlands has experienced several droughts, most recently during the
statewide drought from 2011-2019
- Probability
In any given year, California and the City of Redlands can be subject to drought conditions and water
shortages This is especially true since much of the water is provided by outside resources, resources that
a shared with others It is also important to note that droughts do not happen over night, they are a slow
buildup of conditions On average, seventy-five percent (75%) of the state's annual precipitation occurs
in the "wet season"- November thru March December, January, and February generally see the most
precipitation but there have been many early and late season storms that bring in a substantial amount
72
of precipitation One of the best ways to predict drought conditions is to study the status of the El Nino
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) patterns In California ENSO is a periodic shifting of ocean atmosphere
conditions in the tropical Pacific that ranges from El Nino (warm phase) to neutral to La Nina (cold phase)
La Nina conditions tend to favor a drier outlook for Southern California, while the El Nino conditions favor
stronger, and wetter storms
Climate Change Considerations
Climate change has the potential to make drought events more common in the West, including California
Extreme heat creates conditions more conducive for evaporation of moisture from the ground, thereby
increasing the possibility of drought A warming planet could lead to earlier melting of winter snow packs,
leaving lower stream flows and drier conditions in the late spring and summer Snow packs are important
in terms of providing water storage and ensuring adequate supply in the summer, when water is most
needed Changing precipitation distribution and intensity have the potential to cause more of the
precipitation that does fall to run-off rather than be stored The result of these processes is an increased
potential for more frequent and more severe periods of drought
5 4 2 4 EXTREME TEMPERATURE
• Ranking- Probability- Medium, Impact- Low
• Description
For the purposes of the LHMP, Extreme Temperatures include both 1) extreme heat and 2) freezing
weather conditions
Extreme Heat conditions, according to the EPA and CDC, is defined as weather that is much hotter and
more humid than average for a particular time and place The heat index is a measure of how hot it feels
when relative humidity is factored in with the actual air temperature (Figure 5.12) Relative humidity is
the percentage of moisture in the air compared with the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold
Humidity is an important factor in how hot it feels because when humidity is high, water doesn't
evaporate as easily, so it's harder for your body to cool off by sweating
73
Relative humidity NI
Figure 5.12- NOAA's National Weather Service Heat Index
40
45
5G
55
60
Y-- 1
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Temperature 1 F1
60 82 84 85 88 90 92 94 95 98 100 102 104 106 1015 110
80 81 83 85 88 91 94 97 .101 105 109 114 119
80 82 84 87 89 93 96 100 ; 04. 109 114 119 124
81 83 85 88 91 95 99 103 1!108 113 118 124
81 84 86 89 93 97 F301 .92 117 124
82 84 88 91 95 100 1105 110 1116 123
82 85 89 93 98 103 108 114 121
83 86 90 95 100 105 112 119 126
84 88 92 97 103 109 116 124
84 69 94 100 .106 113 121
85 90 95 102 110 117
86 91 98 .105 113 122
86 93 100 108 117
87 95 103
Likelihood of heat disorders with prolonged exposure or strenuous activity
Caution Extreme caution Danger Extreme danger
Extreme heat is not just a nuisance, it kills hundreds of Americans every year and causes many more to
become seriously ill Measures to prevent illness are generally common sense, including staying cool
indoors, keeping hydrated, limiting physical activity, and monitoring those at highest risk
Freeze conditions are noted when there are sustained temperatures below freezing (32F) Prolonged
freezing temperatures can pose a risk to vulnerable populations, particularly if combined with power
outages When combined with precipitation, ice can form on roadways, trees, and power lines creating
secondary hazard conditions Extreme cold can result in significant damage to homes and businesses (e g ,
from burst pipes), and can cause significant health problems, such as hypothermia and frostbite
Agriculture and livestock are subject to damage and life loss, and may cause economic impacts as well
The NOAA provides three (3) different categories of actions for freeze events advisory, watch, and
warning
• Frost Advisory is issued when the minimum temperature is forecast to be 33 to 36 degrees on
clear and calm nights during the growing season
• Freeze Watch is issued when there is a potential for significant, widespread freezing temperatures
within the next 24-36 hours
• Freeze Warning is issued when significant, widespread freezing temperatures are expected
Prolonged freezing temperatures can pose a risk to vulnerable populations, particularly if combined with
power outages Exposure to cold can cause significant health problems, such as frostbite or hypothermia
and become life -threatening When combined with extreme cold temperatures, winds can compound the
events creating a phenomenon known as "wind chill" factor
Wind Chill is the term used to describe the rate of heat loss on the human body resulting from the
combined effect of low temperature and wind As winds increase, heat is carried away from the body at
a faster rate, driving down both the skin temperature and eventually the internal body
temperature Animals are also affected by wind chill, however, cars, plants and other objects are not
Figure 5 13 shows the NWS Wind Chill Chart which uses science and other information to provide an
74
accurate, understandable, and useful formula for calculating the dangers from winter winds and freezing
temperatures
Figure 513 -Wind Chill Chart
5
10
15
20
s 25
E 30
c 35
3 40
45
50
SS
Temperature (°F)
Calm 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45
2 -28 -34 410 -46 -52 -57 -63
22 -28 -35 -41 -47 -53 -59 -66 -72
19 -26 -32 -39 -45 -51 -58 -64 -71 -77
-22 -29 -35 -42 -48 -55 -61 -68 -74 -81
-24 -31 -37 -44 -51 -58 -64 -71 -78 -84
19 -26 -33 -39 -46 -53 -60 -67 -73 -80 -87
-21 -27 -34 -41 -48 -55 -62 -69 -76 -82 -89
-22 -29 -36 -43 -50 -57 -64 -71 -78 -84 -91
-23 -30 -37 -44 -51 -58 -65 -72 -79 -86 -93
-24 -31 -38 -45 -52 -60 -67 -74 -81 -88 -95
-25 -32 -39 -46 -54 -61 -68 -75 -82 -89 -97
60 -26 -33 -40 -48 -55 -62 -69 -76 -84 -91 -98
36 31 25 19 13 7 1
34 27 21 15 9 3 -4
32 25 19 13 6 0 -7
30 24 17 11 4 -2 -9
29 23 16 9 3 -4 -11
28 22 15 8 1 -5 -12
28 21 14 7 0 -7 -14
27 20 13 6 -1 -8 -15
26 19 12 5 -2 -9 -16
26 19 12 4 -3 -10 -17
25 18 11 4 3 -11
25 17 10 3 -4 -11
FrOstbiteTimei
18
-5
-10
-13
-15
-17
11
-16
-16
El30 minutes 10 minutes S minutes
Wind Chill (°F) = 35.74 + 0.6215T - 35.75(V°16) + 0.4275T(V°-16)
Where,T. Air Temperature (°F) V. Wind Speed (mph) Ffitttiw 1t/p1/01
Location and Extent
The entire city is subject to Extreme Heat and/or Freeze conditions While, this will affect humans, a
significant impact would be felt on livestock and agriculture The City of Redlands also has several
agriculture growers that produce citrus and other crops
History
The City of Redlands experiences extreme temperatures on an annual basis In most instances, the events
are short in duration and do not create significant impacts on the community Some of the minor events
do require the City to take action including dissemination of Public Service Announcements, checking in
with vulnerable populations (elderly, homeless), and opening and/or coordinate with others to open
heating and/or cooling centers Some of the more significant extreme weather events in the region
include
• In 2010 an extreme heat event occurred in impacting the Southeastern Desert Region
• In 2007 an extreme cold event damaged citrus, row, field and nursery crops county -wide,
including agriculture
• In 2006, San Bernardino County experienced an extreme heat event affecting the Valley
communities
Probability
In any given year the City could experience Extreme Heat or Freeze events
Climate Change Considerations
Climate plays a significant role in Excessive Heat and Freeze events As temperatures rise and fall due to
changing conditions, Californians will face greater possibility of Extreme Heat or Freeze events Depending
on the model and the study referenced, freezing spells are likely to increase and/or decrease in frequency
-19
75
as climate conditions change By mid-century, extreme heat events in urban centers could cause two to
three times more heat -related deaths than occur today By 2100, The California Energy Commission is
projecting hotter temperatures are expected throughout the state, with an increase of 3 to 5 5°F under
the lower emissions scenario and 8 to 10 5°F under the higher emissions scenario (Figure 5 14)
Figure 5 14- Comparison between Historic and Projected Temperature
240
244
Th
ao
iK
23:
2C
1
5❑ 60 70 80 90 100 110
F
According to the EPA and CDC, the chances are increasing that an Extreme Heat or Freeze event could
happen where you live because, the average temperatures are rising, both in the United States and
around the world
• Globally, the annual average temperature has been rising since the beginning of the 20th
century, and temperatures are expected to continue to rise through the end of this century
• Worldwide, 15 of the 16 warmest years on record have occurred since 2000, with the exception
of 1998
5.4.2.5 HAZARDOUS MATERIAL ACCIDENT
• Ranking- Probability- Medium, Impact- Medium
Description
Hazardous materials are used and/or created in manufacturing, agriculture, service industries (e g , gas
stations, dry cleaners), and health care facilities Several household products such as cleaning supplies
and paint are also considered hazardous materials These chemicals and hazardous materials may be
corrosive or otherwise damaging over time The US Department of Transportation (US DOT) classifies
hazard chemicals/materials into the following classification system
• Class 1- Explosives
• Class 2- Flammable, non-flammable, and poisonous gases
• Class 3- Flammable liquids
• Class 4- Flammable, spontaneously combustible, and dangerous when wet solids
• Class 5- Oxidizers and organic peroxides
• Class 6- Toxic (poisonous) substances
76
• Class 7- Radioactive materials
• Class 8- Corrosive substances
• Class 9- Miscellaneous dangerous goods/hazardous materials and articles
The release of these chemicals and/or materials into a community can have devastating effects A
hazardous materials release could also result in public health risks, fires, and/or explosions
Contamination may be carried out of the immediate area of the incident by people, vehicles, wind, and
water Weather conditions can increase the size and intensity of the Hazardous Materials Release
Typography, such as hills and canyons, can increase the size of the release or make it more difficult to
contain There are several types of hazardous materials releases
• Fixed -Site Releases- releases involving the production and manufacturing, handling, and
storage of a hazardous product at a single facility as well as any releases that may occur at a
designated hazardous waste disposal site
• Transportation -Related Releases- Includes releases that occur while the hazardous material is
in transit from one facility to another or en route to be disposed of at a designated hazardous
waste disposal site (e g , on highways, railways, airports, or in pipelines)
• Intentional Releases- includes criminal acts and acts of terrorism in which a hazardous
material is used to intentionally cause injuries and/or fatalities, damage the environment
and/or property, or advance a political or social agenda
Location and Extent
As outlined above, hazardous materials can be found throughout the community The location and
identity of facilities that store hazardous materials must be reported to local and federal governments as
required by the Emergency Planning and Community Right -to -Know Act (EPCRA) Many facilities have
their own hazardous materials guides and response plans, including transportation companies who
transport hazardous materials The release of hazardous materials into the environment can cause a
multitude of problems Although these incidents can happen almost anywhere, certain areas of Redlands
are at higher risk, such as near roadways that are frequently used to transport hazardous materials and
locations with industrial facilities that use, store, and/or dispose of such materials Areas crossed by
railways, waterways, airways, and pipelines also have increased potential for mishaps Table 5.9 provides
a list of sites within the City of Redlands
Table 5 9- Registered Hazardous Chemical Sites in the City of Redlands
Location
Edison/Redlands II (Redlands Boulevard) MGP
501-525 w Redlands Boulevard at Kendall
Jorco Chemical Company
32185 east outer Highway 10
Judson Street Elementary School
Judson Street/Pennsylvania Avenue
Layne Christensen Redlands property
1675 West Park Avenue
Lockheed Propulsion Corporation
1500 Crafton Avenue
New High School No 3
Texas Street/w Pioneer Avenue
QA Processor Service
302 Alabama Street, ste8
Redlands Airport
1745 Sessums Drive
Redlands Community Day School
Alabama Street/West Park Avenue
Redlands Early Education Center
1712 West Park Avenue
Redlands Farming Company
780 West San Bernardino Avenue
SoCal gas/Redlands I (State Street) MGP
State Street at Redlands Boulevard
Teledyne Battery Products
840 W Brockton Avenue
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History
A significant hazardous materials events in San Bernardino County included the February 1996 train
derailment in the Cajon Pass A 49-car Burlington Northern -Santa Fe freight train en route from Barstow,
California, to Los Angeles, derailed near Cajon Junction, killing the conductor and a trainman, and seriously
injuring the engineer The derailment resulted in a rail car pile-up which included five cars containing
hazardous materials The train ignited, and continued to burn for several days, requiring immediate
closure of 1-15, extended closure of SR-138, and a secondary closure of 1-15 three days later due to the
potential explosion of a tank car containing butyl acrylate In addition to the train crew casualties, 32
people suffered minor injuries (21 police officers, 8 California Transportation Department personnel, and
3 civilians) According to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the total economic cost of the
incident reached almost $9 5 million, including equipment, environmental and other costs
Within the City of Redlands, the Fire Department has the responsibility for responding to hazardous
materials incidents The City of Redlands Fire Department has responded to a series of hazardous material
incidents over the years While most are routine in natural and do not require significant resources, there
have been a handful of incidents that have required greater response and recovery coordination/effort
Figure 5 15 depicts the location of the more significant hazardous material incidents within the City of
Redlands between 1999-2020 and Table 5 10 provides details of the events
Figure 5.15- Hazardous Material Spills City of Redlands (1999-2020)
Table 510- Hazardous Material Spills City of Redlands (1999-2020)
Address
12910 16th Street
300 Kansas Street
Date
10/11/1999
Quantity Unit of Measure
50
4/2/2008 160
539 E Redlands Boulevard 8/1/2000 300
301 Tennessee Street 2/14/2018 56
LGA
SLB
Commodity
acrylic acid, stabilized
batteries, wet, filled with
acid, electric storage
LGA gasoline
LGA diesel fuel
■ Probability
The release of chemicals and hazardous materials can occur anywhere in the city but are more likely on
or near major transportation corridors Incidences can occur during production, storage, transportation,
78
and/or during use or disposal of materials Communities can be at risk if a chemical is used unsafely or
released in harmful amounts into the environment Hazardous materials can cause death, serious injury,
long lasting health effects, and damage to buildings, the environment, homes, and other property
• Climate Change Considerations
While there is little evidence to link climate change increase occurrences of chemical and hazardous
material releases, weather plays a significant factor in certain aspects of chemical and hazardous material
releases Changing conditions can create more mishaps and accidents with production, storage,
transportation, use, and disposal of chemicals and hazardous materials Additionally, changing conditions
could impact the response and recovery efforts after releases
5 4 2 6 INFESTATION
• Ranking- Probability- Medium, Impact- Low
• Description
Agricultural pests and disease infestation occur when an undesirable organism inhabits an area in a
manner that causes serious harm to agriculture crops, livestock or poultry, and wild land vegetation or
animals Countless insects and diseases live on, in, and around plants and animals in all environments
Most are harmless, while some can cause significant damage and loss Under some conditions, insects
and diseases that have been relatively harmless can become hazardous For example, severe drought
conditions can weaken trees and make them more susceptible to destruction from insect attacks than
they would be under normal conditions
Location and Extent
The City of Redlands has several agriculture crops (orange groves) but limited commercial livestock or
poultry However, the City of Redlands, much like most cities have areas and vegetation susceptible to
infestations Impacts to local plants happen throughout the entire city Impacts on wildland vegetation or
animals generally happened in interface areas along edges of the community (i e , Crafton Foothills, Live
Oak Canyon, Sam Timoteo Canyon, San Bernardino Mountains) The location of the groves is depicted on
Figure 5 16
79
Figure 5.16- Citrus Groves
Groves
Avocado
Citrus
■ History
As mentioned, the city is vulnerability to insect infestation Infestations of Mediterranean Fruit Fly,
Oriental Fruit Fly, Gypsy Moth, Glassy -winged Sharpshooter, Asian Citrus Psyllid, and Light -Brown Apple
Moth have all occurred in the last 30 years, however, there are not detailed records to list each event
Diseases such as Chrysanthemum White Rust and Pierce's Disease of Grapes have caused significant losses
to local plants and impacts on midland vegetation or animals
Emergencies related to insect infestation have impacted San Bernardino County and its local jurisdictions
in the last decade, including an increased fire risk due to Bark Beetle infestation of trees in 2003, and
mosquito -borne West Nile Virus in 2007 Since 2002, the Bark Beetle infestation has required removal of
99,500 acres of affected trees in the San Bernardino National Forest, as well as on private lands, at a cost
of $4 million in grants and matching funds However, both the Bark Beetle and West Nile Virus infestations
are under control and did not seriously impact the City of Redlands Additionally, while future infestation
issues are possible, the impact on the City of Redlands is generally expected to be limited and no major
impact to the community
Probability
Due to its interaction with the global economy, its mild Mediterranean climate, and its diversified
agricultural and native landscape, the City of Redlands can experience impacts from agricultural pests and
diseases annually
■ Climate Change Considerations
Continued climate change is likely to alter the abundance and types of pests, lengthen pests' breeding
season, and increase pathogen growth rates For example, the pink bollworm, a common pest of cotton
crops, is currently a problem only in southern desert valleys because it cannot survive winter frosts
elsewhere in the state However, if winter temperatures rise 3 to 4 5°F, the pink bollworm's range would
likely expand northward, which could lead to substantial economic and ecological consequences for the
state
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Temperature is not the only climatic influence on pests For example, some insects are unable to cope in
extreme drought, while others cannot survive in extremely wet conditions Furthermore, while warming
speeds up the lifecycles of many insects, suggesting that pest problems could increase, some insects may
grow more slowly as elevated carbon dioxide levels decrease the protein content of the leaves on which
they feed (California Climate Change Center 2006)
5.4.2.7 LANDSLIDE
• Ranking- Probability- Medium, Impact- Medium
Description
Landslides can be defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down an incline According
to the USGS, the term "landslide" encompasses five (5) modes of slope movement falls, topples, slides,
spreads, and flows
• Falls are masses of soil or rock that dislodge from steep slopes and free fall, bounce, or roll
downslope
• Topples move by the forward pivoting of a mass around an axis below the displaced mass
• Spreads (lateral) commonly induced by liquefaction of material in an earthquake, move by
horizontal extension and shear or tensile fractures
• Slides displace masses of material along one or more discrete planes
— In "rotational" sliding, the slide plane is curved and the mass rotates backwards around
an axis parallel to the slope,
— In "translational" sliding, the failure surface is more or less planar and the mass moves
parallel to the ground surface
• Flows mobilize as a deforming, viscous mass without a discrete failure plane
Landslides can be caused by natural processes or by man-made activities Landslides occurs when down -
slope forces (gravity) exceed the resistance (strength) of the earth materials Landslides can be initiated
by rainfall, snowmelt, changes in water level, stream erosion, changes in ground water, earthquakes,
volcanic activity, disturbance by human activities, or any combination of these factors Two (2) of the
more common types of landslides include
• Mud lows- defined as flows or rivers of liquid mud down a hillside on the surface of normally
dry land They occur when water saturates the ground, usually following long and heavy rain
falls, or rapid snow melt Mud forms and flows down slope if there is no ground cover such as
brush or trees to hold the soil in place
• Debris Flow- defined when water begins to wash material from a slope or when water sheets
off of a newly burned stretch of land Chaparral land is especially susceptible to debris flows
after a fire The flow will pick up speed and debris as it descends the slope As the system
gradually picks up speed it takes on the characteristics of a basic river system, carrying
everything in its path along with it
Fast-moving (or rapidly -moving) landslides present the greatest risk to human life, and people living in or
traveling through areas prone to rapidly moving landslides are at increased risk of serious injury Debris -
flows can travel down a hillside with speeds up to 200 miles per hour (though more commonly, 30-50
miles per hour), depending on the slope angle and type of earth and debris in the flow
81
Slow -moving landslides can occur on relatively gentle slopes and can cause significant property damage
but are less likely to result in serious human injuries Slow -moving slides include rotational slides, where
sliding material moves along a curved surface, and translational slides, where movement occurs along a
flat surface These slides are generally slow -moving and can be deep Slumps are small rotational slides
that are generally shallow
The size of a landslide usually depends on the geology and the initial cause of the landslide Landslides
vary greatly in their volume of rock and soil, the length, width, and depth of the area affected, frequency
of occurrence, and speed of movement Some characteristics that determine the type of landslide are
slope of the hillside, moisture content, and the nature of the underlying materials Landslides are given
different names, depending on the type of failure and their composition and characteristics
Many landslides are difficult to mitigate, particularly in areas of large historic movement with weak
underlying geologic materials As communities continue to modify the terrain and influence natural
processes, it is important to be aware of the physical properties of the underlying soils as they, along with
climate, create landslide hazards Proper planning cannot completely eliminate the threat of landslides to
the safety of people, property, and infrastructure, however, without proper planning, landslide hazards
will be even more common and more destructive
Location and Extent
The California Geological Survey is in the process of recording and mapping historical and potential
landslides in the state The location and extent of landslides are extremely difficult to predict and are
usually based on historical event and/or soil type and topography Landslides have the potential to occur
in areas with one or more of the following conditions
• On or close to steep hills
• Steep road -cuts or excavations
• Existing landslides or places of known historic landslides (such sites often have tilted power
lines, trees tilted in various directions, cracks in the ground, and irregular -surfaced ground)
• Steep areas where surface runoff is channeled, such as below culverts, V -shaped valleys,
canyon bottoms, and steep stream channels
• Fan -shaped areas of sediment and boulder accumulation at the outlets of canyons
• Canyon areas below hillside and mountains that have recently (within 1-6 years) been
subjected to a midland fire
Figure 5 17 depicts the location around the City of Redlands of low landslide incidence on the USGS'
Landslide Incidence and Susceptibility in the Conterminous United States map (Overview map, 2001),
which shows areas of landslides and areas susceptible to future land sliding (defined to include most types
of gravitational mass movement such as rock falls, debris flows, and the failure of engineered soil
materials)
82
Figure 5.17- Landslide Incidence in the Vicinity of the City of Redlands
ig
Landslide Susceptibility
Low landslide incidence
moderate landslide Incidence
Landslide Deposits
■ History
Historically, the majority of landslides in Redlands have been a secondary hazard to other hazards (i e ,
earthquakes, floods), there have been no known previous occurrences of landslides documented in the
City of Redlands
■ Probability
Landslides are a common hazard in California Weathering and the decomposition of geologic materials
produce conditions conducive to landslides, and human activity further exacerbates many landslide
problems It is difficult to estimate the probability of occurrence for landslide as no landslide susceptibility
maps have been prepared for Redlands However, recently there has been increased probability for mud
flows and debris flows due to wildfire events in the area
Climate Change Considerations
Climate change can increase the probability, frequency, and/or intensity of landslides Changes in
precipitation, specifically the increased frequency of intense precipitation, can result in significant water
run-off, which may cause landslides Additionally, increase in wildfire hazards will result in loss of hillside
vegetation The loss of hillside vegetation will increase the likelihood of debris and mudflows This could
result in landslides occurring in areas not previously identified
5.4.2.8 TECHNOLOGY DISRUPTION
• Ranking- Probability- Low, Impact- High
• Description
Technology disruption includes both deliberate (cyber-attacks) or accidental (equipment failure or human
error) actions that can cause the loss of use of technology and/or data A cyber threat/attack is a
circumstance or event that has or indicates the potential to exploit technology vulnerabilities and to
adversely impact organizational operations, organizational assets (including information and information
systems), individuals, other organizations, or society Critical infrastructure, such as utilities and
83
telecommunications, are also potential targets Cyber threats/attacks are most easily described as either
external threats (where attacks originate outside of established networks) or internal/insider threats
(where attacks originate from users who have existing access to an internal network) Examples of cyber
threats/attacks include malware and hacking, phishing, denial of service attacks, ransomware, and state -
sponsored hacking Any one of these threats, if initiated, and successful, can produce a cyber-attack that
has major implications throughout the organization Recent report produced by Verizon (2020) analyzes
32,002 security incidents and 3,950 confirmed breaches from 81 global contributors from 81 countries
and indicate the following trends
• 86% of data breaches for financial gain - up from 71% in 2019
• Cloud -based data under attack — web application attacks double to 43%
• 67% of breaches caused by credential theft, errors and social attacks
• Clearly identified cyber-breach pathways enable a "Defender Advantage" in the fight against
cyber-crime
• On -going patching successful - fewer than 1 in 20 breaches exploit vulnerabilities
• 37% of credential theft breaches used stolen or weak credentials
• 25% involved phishing
• Human error accounted for 22%
Location and Extent
Technology disruptions can happen anywhere within the City but will generally be targeted towards larger
corporations or government organizations
History
While there have been several smaller cyber threats and hacking, none have reached a level of
significance However, the frequency of cyber-attacks on public and private sector organizations in
general, continues to rise
■ Probability
The probability of technology disruptions is on the rise globally, national, and locally The probability of
occurrence of cyber threats is rapidly increasing, especially with increased reliance on the Internet and
cloud -based computing However, cyber security threats/attacks will generally be targeted towards larger
corporations or state/national governments which are not located within the county
Local governments are increasingly being targeted by cyber criminals on the basis that they have fewer
resources to defend themselves Unlike natural hazards, where there is historical data, and some
predictive modeling can occur, cyber-attacks are an emerging hazard, which are more challenging to
anticipate
• Climate Change Considerations
While there is little evidence to link climate change to increase in occurrences of cyber security
threats/attacks, the target could be related to persons/groups with issues with individuals or companies
they perceive to have effect on the climate (i e , greenhouse gas producers) within the community And
much like terrorism, depending on the consequence of the cyber-attack, it could hinder the response and
recovery efforts
84
5 4 2 9 TRAIN ACCIDENT/INCIDENT
■ Ranking- Probability- Low, Impact- Medium
Description
Train derailments are defined as any accidents involving public or private trains carrying passengers or
cargo along the rail corridor Cargo commodities include such things as hazardous materials, fuel
(including oil), agriculture, meats, and non-consumables (NOTE hazardous materials inc►dent are covered
under a separate hazard) Train derailments, like other transportation accidents, are less likely to lead to
a state or federal disaster declaration, than other hazards previously and afore mentioned
Location and Extent
Trains running through the City of Redlands carry both commuters and commodities (Figure 5 18)
However, San Bernardino County is currently in the final stages of extending the Metrolink line to the City
of Redlands This will increase the frequency of trips and volume of riders/passengers, thus increasing the
potential for commuter -related train incidents
Train accidents are generally localized, and the incidents result in limited impacts at the community level
However, if there are volatile or flammable substances on the train and the train is in a highly populated
or densely forested area, death, injuries, and damage to homes, infrastructure, and the environment,
including forest fires can occur
Figure 518- Rail Lines in Vicinity of the City of Redlands
■ History
There have been no historical train derailments incidents within the City of Redlands
• Probability
Train accidents can occur any time during the year Because of current plans to extend the commuter rail
into the City of Redlands, it is expected that the provability of an incident/accident will increase
Climate Change Considerations
Weather conditions have been known to play a significant role in some train derailments globally While
current train operations anticipate and plan for current and future weather conditions, sudden changes
85
to weather conditions and weather patterns can affect the safe movement of trains Additionally, climate
change could impact response and recovery operations
5.4.3 TIER III
The hazard under Tier III includes Dam Breach and Terrorism
5 4 31 DAM BREACH
• Ranking- Probability- Low, Impact- Medium
• Description
Because of California's seasonal and climatic conditions, water storage is critical Dams and reservoirs help
reserve (store) the water necessary for agriculture, hydroelectric power, recreational activities,
environmental protection, and a stable drinking water supply They are also critical tools in flood and
debris control Based on the function, dams can be classified as storage dam, diversion dam, detention
dam, debris dam, or coffer dam In addition to the classifications there are several types of dams
• Gravity Dams- concrete, rubber masonry
• Embankment Dams- earth or rock
• Arch/Multiple Arch Dams- concrete
• Buttress Dams- concrete, timber, steel
Along with their many benefits, dams and reservoirs present formidable consequences if not properly
designed, built, and maintained Failures to dams and reservoir are generally due to old age, poor
design/construction, lack of maintenance, structural damage, improper siting, landslides flowing into a
reservoir, or terrorist actions Structural damage is often a result of a flood, erosion, or earthquake A
catastrophic dam/reservoir failure could inundate the area downstream The degree of flood impact is
dependent upon topography, vegetation, duration and intensity of rainfall with consequent storm water
runoff The force of the water is large enough to carry boulders, trees, automobiles, and even houses
along a destructive path downstream Another factor in dam/reservoir failures is heavy or increased
precipitation, especially in very short periods of time This increase in rainfall can crested dams, weaken
structures, and erode supports The potential for casualties, environmental damage, and economic loss is
great Damage to electric generating facilities and transmission lines could impact life support systems in
communities outside the immediate hazard area
Location and Extent
As shown in Figure 5 19, the northernmost portions of the City of Redlands, along the Santa Ana River
margin, are located within the potential dam inundation area for Seven Oaks Dam as mapped by San
Bernardino County ISD/GIS as part of the San Bernardino County General Plan Construction of this
modern dam by the U S Army Corps of Engineers was completed in 1999 Designed for flood control, its
location near the San Andreas Fault resulted in the dam's being designed to resist earthquake damage for
events as large as a M8 earthquake
86
Figure 5.19- Dam Inundation Areas in the City of Redlands
Seven Oaks Dam
- Inundation Area
r History
The State of California and the federal government have a rigorous Dam Safety Program This is a proactive
program that ensure proper planning in the event of failure but also sets standards for dam design and
maintenance Because of this, many potential issues have been addressed and/or resolved Within the
City of Redlands, no significant dam failures have occurred
Probability
Dam failure events are infrequent and usually coincide with the events that cause them, such as
earthquakes, landslides, excessive rainfall and snowmelt These impacts can also be exacerbated by aging
or poor maintenance of the structures There is a "residual risk" associated with dams, residual risk is the
risk that remains after safeguards have been implemented For dams, the residual risk is associated with
events beyond those that the facility was designed to withstand However, the probability of occurrence
of any type of dam failure event is considered to be low in today's regulatory and dam safety oversight
environment
• Climate Change Considerations
Increased rainfall from changing climate conditions could present a risk to dams and reservoirs in area if
volume of runoff is greater than the dam's capacity This could cause the County to release stored water
into the downstream water courses in order to ensure the integrity of the dam
5 4 3 2 TERRORISM
• Ranking- Probability- Low, Impact- Medium
• Description
Terrorism has become an undeniable reality throughout the United States The term terrorism refers to
intentional, criminal malicious acts There is no single, universally accepted definition of terrorism, and it
can be interpreted in many ways Terrorism is defined in the Code of Federal Regulations as " the
unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to ►ntimidate or coerce a government, the
87
civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives " (28 CFR, Section
0 85) For the purposes of this plan, terrorism refers to the use of weapons of mass destruction, including
biological, chemical, nuclear, and radiological weapons, arson, incendiary, explosive, and armed attacks,
industrial sabotage and intentional hazardous materials releases, and cyber terrorism Many of these
incidents can be a well -planned, coordinated attacks with multiple suspects, or the result of a lone
individual on a rampage Conventional Attacks/Active Shooter incidents are generally considered a lone
individual incident, some are considered "homegrown violent extremists" inspired by foreign terrorist
groups
Location and Extent
Terrorism can occur throughout the entire city but due to terrorisms' intended purpose to cause the
greatest amount of destruction it would most likely happen in more populous areas (high value, visually
recognized targets) where more devastation, fear, and chaos will ensue
History
The City and surrounding area have experienced several terrorism (Active Shooter) events In March of
2016, the police responded to a single shooter incident at Office Depot There was one (1) minor injury
reported In April of 2017, there was also a shooting at North Park Elementary, part of the Redlands
Unified School District The shooting was an apparent murder —suicide and an act of domestic violence
Three people died from their wounds and another student was wounded and hospitalized However, the
most significant Active Shooter event in the area occurred December of 2015 at the Inland Regional Center
in San Bernardino Fourteen (14) people were killed and 22 others were seriously injured The pursuit to
capture the shooters lead the police to the City of Redlands The shooters were killed in a shootout, which
also left two (2) officers injured
■ Probability
All City businesses and facilities are perceived as a soft target, however, due to the intended purpose of
terrorism, it would most likely happen in more populous urban areas where more devastation (and fear)
will ensue
• Climate Change Considerations
While there is little evidence to link climate change increasing occurrences of terrorism However,
depending on the type of attack, it could intensify the incident (i e , Improvised Explosive Device- IED
during high wind event), and hinder the response and recovery efforts (i e , evacuation during flooding)
88
6 RISK ASSESSMENT
6.1 OVERVIEW
The purpose of this section is to estimate the potential exposure and vulnerability (impacts) of hazards
within the City of Redlands While an emphasis will be on the built environment (residential, non-
residential, critical facilities, etc ), the economy, and the general population, other areas may be
considered (i e , lifelines, environment) The focus of this section will be on Tier I hazards As presented in
Section 5 0- Hazard Assessment, the Planning Team ranked hazards into tiers Tier I, Tier II, and Tier III
hazards Understanding potential impacts (damage and losses) is essential to decision -making at all levels
of government, providing a basis for developing mitigation plans and policies, emergency preparedness
and response and recovery planning To accomplish this, two (2) different approaches were used
Scientific Loss Estimation Model►ng
The scientific loss estimation modeling efforts included the utilization of the FEMA Hazus model
Hazus is a nationally applicable standardized methodology that estimates potential losses from floods,
earthquakes, hurricane winds and tsunamis Hazus uses state-of-the-art Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) software to map hazard data and estimate potential physical damage to residential,
commercial, schools, critical facilities, and infrastructure, economic loss, including lost jobs, business
interruptions, repair, and reconstruction cost, and, soc►al impacts, including estimating shelter
requirements, displaces households, and population exposure to the hazard
Hazus standard configuration allows for "out -of -the -box" regional or community -wide loss
assessment using default (Level 1) building inventory databases, aggregated to the census tract (for
earthquakes) or census block (for floods) level Hazus also allows for the replacement of the default
data with data that better reflects the area In 2009, FEMA sponsored a project to leverage and
improve San Bernardino County Assessor data for general building stock and utilize it in Hazus for
county -level flood and earthquake analysis (San Bernardino County Essential Facilities Risk
Assessment- SBEFRA) The SBEFRA project incorporated enhanced flood data from information on the
FEMA updated (2008) Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) The results of the SBEFRA project
were leveraged and incorporated into this plan
Exposure Assessment
Because scientific loss estimation models are not available for all types of hazards, a different
approach was used on some hazards to identify potential impacts, exposure assessments There are
two (2) kinds of exposure assessment 1) when there a hazard exposure area (or footprint), and, 2)
when an exposure area (footprint) does not exist
A hazard exposure footprint enables you to determine areas in the planning area where you are either
"in" or "out" of the hazard (i e , wildfire) With this footprint, the Planning Team was able to determine
elements within the hazard area and conduct a qualitative assessment of the potential impact For
those hazards where an exposure footprint does not exist (i e , infectious disease, energy
shortage/power outage), the assessment is done for the entire planning area/City Neither approach
provides an estimate potential damage but provides an understanding of the exposure and as such,
89
the potential loss during events Types of elements that were considered during the exposure
assessment were general building stock, populations, lifeline infrastructure, economy, and the
environment Table 6 1 provides a summary of relevant building stock from Hazus, population, and
economy information presented in Section 3 0- Community Profile This information provides a
reference point which can be used to assess the potential impacts from the hazard
Table 61- Summary of Building Stock, Population, and Economy within the City of Redlands
BUILDING STOCK
Building
Count
19,661
Building
Replacement Value
($1,000)
$4,586,535
Contents
Replacement Value
($1,000)
Building Sq.
Ft. (1,000 Sq.
Ft.)
39,193
Residential
$2,293,253
Commercial
790
$2,000,690
$2,077,158
20,969
Industrial
116
$154,116
$231,174
2,020
Other
524
$449,264
$219,703
2,817
TOTAL 21,021_ $7.1 $4,821,288
Concrete
223
$572,025
Mfg Housing
1,039
$47,818
Precast Concrete
99
$388,399
Reinforced Masonry
398
$617,472
Steel
142
$264,195
URM
59
$73,705
Wood Frame (Other)
990
$1,406,583
Wood Frame (SFR)
18,141
$3,820,407
TOTAL 21,091 $7,1
POPULATION Citizens % of Population
Under 18 16,304
Between 18-65 43,928
Over 65 11,964
TOTAL 71,196
22 9%
61 7%
15 4%
100%
ECONOMY Jobs
% of Economy
Education 16,311
39 20%
Retail 5,243
12 60%
Professional 5,118
12 30%
Leisure
3,703
8 90%
Wholesale
1,872
4 50%
Construction
1,831
4 40%
Public
1,706
4 10%
Other
1,623
3 90%
Finance
1,498
3 60%
Manufacturing
1,373
3 30%
Transportation
915
2 20%
Information
291
0 70%
Agriculture
125
0 30%
TOTAL
90
Additionally, the FEMA-funded SBEFRA project also did an exposure assessment of facilities deemed
critical under the project (i e , police stations, fire stations, emergency operations centers, schools) The
SBEFRA project did a damage assessment of critical facilities for earthquake and an exposure assessment
of critical facilities for Flood and Wildfire
6 2 TIER 1 HAZARDS
6 2 1 EARTHQUAKE
To understand the vulnerability to Earthquakes in the City of Redlands, a scientific loss estimation model
was used The City of Redlands leveraged the Hazus assessment and critical facilities exposure assessment
conducted under the SBEFRA Project The Planning Team ranked this hazard as a HIGH impact during the
hazard prioritization process
6 21 1 HAZUS ASSESSMENT
The SBEFRA Project looked at three (3) earthquake scenarios the M7 8 Shakeout Scenario, a M6 7 San
Jacinto scenario earthquake, and a M6 7 Chino Hills Scenario earthquake (Figure 6 1, Figure 6 2, and
Figure 6 3) A summary of the Hazus results is presented in Table 6 2 It should be noted that the casualty
figures reported are not direct Hazus outputs, they are estimates in more medically -meaningful categories
derived from Hazus outputs using a "calibration" methodology developed using historic injury data from
the 1994 Northridge and other California earthquakes (Seligson & Shoaf, 2003) The method was also
recently applied for the San Andreas "ShakeOut" Scenario developed by the USGS and others for the 2008
Golden Guardian statewide disaster exercise (Jones et al , 2008) Also as noted previously, Hazus
estimates earthquake impacts at the census tract level Accordingly, building count totals may differ from
totals reported in the flood risk assessment, which were developed at the census block level
91
34.5
34
33.5
Figure 6 1- ShakeOut Scenario (M7 8)
CISN ShakeMap 4 0 mi SE of Diamond Bar CA
Tua Jul 29 2008 11 :42:15 AM PDT M 5.4 N133.96 W117 76 Daoth. 13 7km 1D:14383380
-119' -118
Ma p Vers o n 7 Processed Wed J ul 30, 2033 12:63:07 PM PDT
117'
PSm !NGE
Ratio It
Weak
Light
Moderate
Strong
Very strong
Severe
Violent
Enema
POTENTIAL
DAIAGE
nacre
rarer
rve
Very Igh1
Light
Moderate
ModeratelHeavy
Heart
Very Wary
PEARA6C4'I
c.F7
77-7.e
7.4-3.9
3.9-12
92-10
10-04
34-05
05-124
a124
PEAK VEL;crre*
CO .1
0111
113.4
3.4-8.1
a119
18-31
VII
31-00
0241E
a}16
STFETA
1
11-111
Iv
Y
il
33.5
33
32.5
32'
Figure 6.2- San Jacinto Scenario (M6.7)
Earthquake Planning Scenario
ShakeMap for Sanjacintosmm6p7 Scenario
SGOTIE180 Date Oct 10 2912 OB:DO:DO AM MDT M 8.7 1332.98 W115.89 Depth 9.8krn
117 116' 115
PLANNING SCENARO ONLY - Map Yank., 1 Processed 2O16.Oe-1O 002534 PM MDT
PER4eVED
q
Not Nit
Weak
Lill
Moderato
Stang
Von/strong
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POTENTIAL
mama
none
none
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Light
AEodoate
IAodhieaW Heavy Very Ho.
P2K ACC"fi
41.1
a
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19
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22
88 a160
tIRE "L
1
pun
iv
V
VI
VII
92
34.5
34
33.5
33
Figure 6 3- Chino Hills Scenario (M6 7)
-- Earthquake Planning Scenario -
ShakeMap for ChinoaI 1 m8p7 Scenario
Soenaa° Date: Oc110 2012 06:00:00 AM MDT M 6.7 N93.96 W11778 Depth 7Akm
119 118 117
PLANNING SCENARIO ONLY.. Map VeraIon 1 Procee834201$48-10081238 PM MD1
allow
Not Nit
Meek
�t
Moderate
Strung
Very ctona
Sows Volent Extreme
MA �t
none ne
none
Vary ll4h[
Llghl
Moderate
Mod hieavr Henry Vary Heavy
ream eocAesi
<O.r
RS
2A
67
11
24
44 93 'ISO
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4.07
DA
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PISTRUMENTAL
lumpily
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VI
VII
Table 6 2- Estimated Earthquake Impacts for the City of Redlands (Hazus)
M7.8 ShakeOut
Earthquake Scenario
M6.7 San Jacinto
M6.7 Chino Hills
Direct Economic Losses for Buildings ($1,000)
Total Building Exposure Value 7,190,605
Capital Stock
Cost of Structural Damage
245,830
48,248
1,022
Cost of Non Structural Damage
858 890
190 323
10 548
Total Building Damage (Str + Non Str)
1,104,721
238,572
11,570
Building Loss Ratio %
15 4%
3 3%
0 2%
Cost of Contents Damage
324,650
80,134
6,038
Inventory Loss
13,510
3,066
280
Income
Relocation Loss
121,663
29,579
277
Capital Related Loss
56,578
10,669
119
Rental Income Loss
77 740
16 676
259
Wage Losses
79,015
16,096
164
Total Direct Economic Loss (% of County Damage)
1,777,877 (8 2%)
394,792 (7 8%)
18,706 (0 6%)
MIP Casualties
Day Casualties (2PM)
Fatalities 26
1
0
Trauma injuries
7
0
0
Other (non trauma) hospitalized injuries
47
0
0
Total Hospitalized Injuries
54
0
0
Injuries requiring Emergency Dept Visits
963
69
1
Injuries treated on an Outpatient basis
1,632
133
2
Total Injuries
2,675
203
3
Hospital visits requiring EMS transport
78
3
0
42 g
s
0 y rco ai
Fatalities
0
0
Trauma injuries
2
0
0
Z u a,
Other (non trauma) hospitalized injuries
13
0
0
93
Earthquake Scenario
M7.8 Shakeout M6.7 San Jacinto
M6.7 Chino Hills
Total Hospitalized Injuries
15 0
0
Injuries requiring Emergency Depart Visits
615
65
2
Injuries treated on an Outpatient basis
1,117
133
4
Total Injuries
1,754
198
6
Hospital visits requiring EMS transport
39
2
0
■i= Shelter
Number of Displaced Households
2,728
728
2
Number of People Requiring Short term Shelter
938
229
1
Debris (thousands of tons)
Brick, Wood & Other (Light) Debris
175
39
1
Concrete & Steel (Heavy) Debris
452
54
1
Building Damage Count by General Building Type s
Concrete
None
20
61
217
Slight
39
80
6
Moderate
44
69
0
Extensive
41
13
0
Complete
78
1
0
Total
223
223
223
Manuf Housing
None
0
11
714
Slight
0
86
263
Moderate
1
521
62
Extensive
17
391
0
Complete
1,022
29
0
Total
1,039
1,039
1,039
Unreinforced Reinforced
Steel Precast Concrete
Masonry Masonry
None
22
30
94
Slight
43
45
5
Moderate
31
23
0
Extensive
3
1
0
Complete
0
0
0
Total 99 1 99
None
97
178
390
Slight
112
135
7
Moderate
107
75
1
Extensive
42
10
0
Complete
40
0
0
Total
398
398
398
None
6
34
138
Slight
14
53
4
Moderate
39
49
0
Extensive
43
6
0
Complete
40
0
0
Total
142
142
142
None
1
5
48
Slight
3
13
10
Moderate
6
25
2
Extensive
4
14
0
Complete
44
2
0
Total
59
59
59
s
c p
°
None
188
374
970
Slight
320
435
19
Moderate
176
168
0
Extensive
111
12
0
Complete
195
1
0
Total
990
990
94
Earthquake Scenario
M7.8 ShakeOut M6.7 San Jacinto
M6.7 Chino Hills
ALL Wood Frame
BUILDING TYPES (Single-family)
None
6,691
9,534
17,778
Slight
8 987
7 653
357
Moderate
2,267
884
6
Extensive
190
59
0
Complete
7
11
0
Total
18,141
18,141
18,141
None
7,026
10,226
20,349
Slight
9,519
8,499
671
Moderate
2 671
1 814
71
Extensive
451
506
0
Complete
1 425
45
0
Total
21,091
21,091
21,091
6 21 2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Damage and functionality of critical facilities identified in the FEMA-funded SBEFRA project were
estimated for the earthquake scenarios identified above using HAZUS Results are presented in Table 6.3.
As shown, three of the four fire stations existing in 2009 are expected to be less than 50% functional in a
M7 8 earthquake on the San Andreas fault (ShakeOut scenario), although physical damage is likely to be
considered Moderate or less (none of the stations are have probabilities of experiencing moderate or
greater damage exceeding 50%) In this same event, the EOC is expected to have functionality between
50-75%, while the Redlands Police Department is expected to have less than 50% functionality and its
probability of being in the Moderate or greater damage state exceeds 50% The Police Department is also
expected to have less than 50% functionality in the M6 7 San Jacinto earthquake scenario
Table 6 3- Estimated Essential Facility Earthquake Impacts (Hazus)
arthquake Scenario
M7.8 ShakeOut
M6.7 San Jacinto
M6.7 Chino Hills
Fire Stations
Redlands Fire Department
Total Number of Buildings 4
Damage
# Blgs with >50% Probability of Moderate or Greater Damage
0
0
0
# Blgs with >50% Probability of Complete Damage
0
0
0
Functionality
Functionality < 50 % on Day 1
3
0
0
Functionality 50 75% on Day 1
1
4
0
Functionality>75% Day 1
0
0
4
.
p
City of Redlands
Total Number of Buildings 1
Damage
# Blgs with >50% Probability of Moderate or Greater Damage
0
0
0
# Blgs with >50% Probability of Complete Damage
0
0
0
Functionality
Functionality < 50 % on Day 1
0
0
0
Functionality 50 75% on Day 1
1
0
0
Functionality>75% Day 1
0
1
1
95
Earthquake Scenario
M7.8 ShakeOut
M6.7 San Jacinto
M6.7 Chino Hills
c
a)
o
0_
Redlands Police Department
Total Number of Buildings
1
Damage
# Blgs with >50% Probability of Moderate or Greater Damage
1
0
0
# Blgs with >50% Probability of Complete Damage
0
0
0
Functionality
Functionality < 50 % on Day 1
1
1
0
Functionality 50 75% on Day 1
0
0
0
Functionality>75% Day 1
0
0
1
Under the FEMA-funded SBEFRA project, the earthquake exposure analysis also included an assessment
of Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones The analysis identified several facilities in High and Very High
Liquefaction Susceptibility zones
Three (3) Fire Station (FS 262, FS 263, and FS 264)
Emergency Operations Center
Four (4) Police Department (Community Policing Station, Animal Control, Redlands Community
Senior Center, Police Annex)
Two (2) Municipal Utility facility (Corporate Yard)
City Hall
Because the school district participated in the FEMA-funded SBEFRA project, it was possible to develop
damage and functionality estimates for the Redlands Unified School District's (District or RUSD) facilities
in each of the three scenario earthquakes An overall summary of the District's performance, in terms of
damage and functionality on the day of the earthquake, is given in Table 6 4
Table 6 4- Estimated Earthquake Impacts for the Redlands Unified School District Summary (Hazus)
M7 8 ShakeOut
Earthquake Scenario
M6.7 San Jacinto
M6.7 Chino Hills
Total Number of Buildings
592
Damage
# Buildings with >50% Probability of Moderate or Greater Damage
79
18
0
# Buildings with >50% Probability of Complete Damage
17
0
0
Functionality
Functionality < 50 % on Day 1
519
101
0
Functionality 50 75% on Day 1
73
448
1
Functionality>75% Day 1
0
43
591
As shown in Table 6 4, 79 buildings have a high likelihood (>50% probability) of experiencing Moderate or
greater damage in the M7 8 ShakeOut Scenario earthquake on the San Andreas Fault, 17 of these are
likely (have >50% probability) to suffer Complete damage These 79 buildings are located on 19 different
campuses (see Table 6) The campuses with the most buildings in this category are Redlands High School
(29) and Clement Middle School (10) In the San Jacinto scenario earthquake, there are 18 buildings on 9
campuses likely to experience Moderate or greater damage
Overall, 519 of the 592 buildings are expected to have initial functionality of less than 50% on Day 1
following the M7 8 ShakeOut scenario earthquake, these buildings are spread across virtually all facility
locations (see Table 6) number decrease to 101 buildings on 16 campuses with less than 50% functionality
following a M6 7 San Jacinto scenario earthquake, with no buildings expected to have less than 50%
functionality following a M6 7 Chino Hills scenario earthquake
Damage information for each campus in the two earthquake events shown to cause potential damage
(the M7 8 ShakeOut Scenario and the M6 7 San Jacinto Scenario earthquakes) is given in Table 6.5, while
Table 6.6 provides campus level functionality estimates for all three events
Table 6 5- Estimated Earthquake Damage- Redlands Unified School District (Hazus)
Name
of
BIdgs
M7.8 ShakeOut
M6.7 San Jacinto
>50% Probability of
Moderate Damage
0
>50% Probability of
Moderate Damage
>50% Probability of
Complete Damage
0
Arroyo Verde Elem
24
0
Beattie Middle
8
0
0
0
Bryn Mawr Elem
26
0
0
0
Central Admin./Enrollment Center
3
1
0
0
Clement Middle
35
10
0
0
Cope Middle
42
0
0
0
Crafton Elem
21
7
1
1
Cram Elem
27
1
0
0
District Office North
4
1
0
0
District Office South
9
1
1
1
Fallsvale Elem
3
0
0
0
Franklin Elem
7
5
0
0
Highland Grove Elem
6
0
0
0
Judson & Brown
9
0
0
0
Kimberly Elem
21
0
0
0
Kingsbury Elem
12
1
0
1
Lugonia Elem
19
4 _
0
0
Mariposa Elem
16
0
0
0
McKinley Elem
12
2
2
2
Mentone Elem
26
1
0
0
Mission Elem
11
3
2
2
Moore Middle
25
1
0
0
Orangewood High
19
4
3
3
Redlands East Valley High
83
1
0
0
Redlands High
83
29
5
5
Smiley Elem
11
0
0
0
Supply Center
5
3
2
2
Transportation
3
1
1
1
Victoria Elem
22
3
0
0
Total
592
79
17
18
97
Table 6 6- Est►mated Post -Earthquake Funct►onahty, Redlands Unified School District (Hazus)
Name
Arroyo Verde Elem
# of
Bldgs
24
M7.8 ShakeOut
<50% 50-75%
M6.7 San Jacinto Fault
M6.7 Fault Hills
<50% 50-75% >75%
50-75%
>75%
24
0
0
22
2
0
24
Beattie Middle
8
8
0
0
8
0
0
Bryn Mawr Elem
26
0
26
26
0
0
0
26
Central Admin/Enrollment Center
3
3
0
1
2
0
0
Clement Middle
35
35
0
0
35
0
0
35
Cope Middle
42
23
19
11
31
0
0
42
Crafton Elem
21
21
0
1
20
0
0
21
Cram Elem
27
27
0
0
1
26
0
27
District Office North
4
4
0
0
4
0
0
District Office South
9
9
0
1
8
0
0
Fallsvale Elem
3
3
0
0
0
3
0
Franklin Elem
7
7
0
0
7
0
0
Highland Grove Elem
6
6
0
0
6
0
0
Judson & Brown
9
9
0
0
9
0
0
Kimberly Elem
21
6
15
0
21
0
0
21
Kingsbury Elem
12
12
0
5
7
0
0
12
Lugonia Elem
19
19
0
0
19
0
0
19
Mariposa Elem
16
5
11
0
16
0
0
16
McKinley Elem
12
12
0
3
9
0
0
12
Mentone Elem
26
26
0
0
26
0
0 _26
Mission Elem
11
11
0
3
8
0
0
11
Moore Middle
25 i
25
0
1
24
0
0
25
Orangewood High
19
19
0
4
15
0
0
19
Redlands East Valley High
83
83
0
1
70
12
0
83
Redlands High
83
83
0
8
75
0
0
83
Smiley Elem
11
9
2
11
0
0
0
11
Supply Center
5
5
0
2
3
0
0
Transportation
3
3
0
1
2
0
1
Victoria Elem
22
22
0
22
0
0
0
22
Total
592
519 73
101
448
43
1
591
The FEMA-funded SBEFRA project also assessed Liquefaction Susceptibility risk for the RUSD facilities The
assessment found
Fifty-three (53) buildings in the Moderate zone (Arroyo Verde Elementary, Fallsvale Elementary,
and Mentone Elementary)
Two hundred -nineteen (219) buildings in the High zone (Central Admin /Enrollment Center,
Clement Middle, District Office -North, District Office -South, Judson & Brown Elem , Lugonia
Elem , Mission Elem , Orangewood High, Redlands East Valley High, Supply Center, Victoria Elem
One -hundred (100) buildings in the Very High zone (Beattie Middle, Highland Grove Elem ,
Redlands High, Transportation
6 2 2 ENERGY SHORTAGE/POWER OUTAGE
To understand the vulnerability to Power Outage in the City of Redlands, an exposure assessment was
used Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential
impacts within the entire City A power outage could have a considerable impact on the population, built
environment, lifeline infrastructure, and the economy The Planning Team ranked this hazard as a HIGH
impact during the hazard prioritization process
Population- Our communities have become more reliant on power for gadgets and appliances to
perform basic daily activities This loss of power will not only be an inconvenience but could
become a life -threatening experience Many citizens rely on power to operate medical machinery
to survive (i e , oxygen tanks, dialysis machines)
• Built Environment- Power outages have a significant impact on buildings While in most cases it
will not damage the structure, the loss of power will impact the buildings functionality This
includes loss of lighting, HVAC, electrical outlets, communications, and elevators in taller
buildings
• Lifeline Infrastructure- Because of interdependencies, the loss of power can impact several other
lifeline systems (i e , water, telecommunications, natural gas, fuel) While there are backup
systems for some aspects of the system, depending on the length of time, many systems will loss
functionality or be required to shut down for safety
• Economy- If lifeline systems shutdown and/or fail, there are rippling effects on the economy as
there is an inability to provided services and/or move merchandise Additionally, implementation
of temporary mitigation actions could impact operating budgets
While a power outage can vary in size and length of time, in the City of Redlands, it is expected to be
smaller and of limited time
6.2.3 FLOOD
To understand the flood vulnerability in the City of Redlands, a scientific loss estimation model was used
and an exposure assessment was performed The City of Redlands leverage the Hazus assessment and
critical facilities exposure assessment that was conducted as part of the SBEFRA Project and conducted
an exposure assessment of its list key assets, general building stock, and population against flood hazard
zones While the Hazus model and the exposure assessment does a good job of estimating damage and
potential injuries from the damage, it does not consider challenges from illegal encampments within the
watershed and along the riverbeds These encampments have created an increased concern and extra
work for city officials during potential flood events This vulnerability needs to be better understood and
analyzed, and actions taken to help reduce and/or eliminate potential future risk from flooding
Another aspect that is not part of the Hazus model and the exposure assessment is the National Flood
Insurance Program (NFIP) As previously mentioned, the City of Redlands is a NFIP participating
community and takes an active role in floodplain management An important part of its role is to
understand and address reoccurring losses, particularly with regards to NFIP claims A recent check of
repetitive and severe repetitive loss properties conducted by FEMA Region IX's NFIP Unit indicates that
there are no repetitive or severe repetitive loss properties in the City of Redlands
The Planning Team ranked this hazard as a HIGH impact during the hazard prioritization process
6.2.3.1 HAZUS ASSESSMENT
Under the SBEFRA Project, three (3) flood scenarios were analyzed a 100-year flood, a 100-year flood
without levee protection, and a 500-year flood Table 6 7 provides the Hazus losses estimated for the
County in each of these scenarios
99
Table 6 7- Regional Flood Impacts to San Bernardino County (Hazus)
Regional Risk Assessment Results
Flood Scenario
100-year
100-year*
500-year
Economic loss due to building damage ($B)
Total building -related direct economic loss ($B)
z
To
# of buildings in the Complete Damage State
c
o Total # Displaced Households
a
= Total # people needing short-term shelter
Debris Generated (million tons)
*- 100 year Flood without levee protection
0 46
14
345
14,828
32,095
01
16
54
350
52,856
138,991
0 23
27
86
1,105
86,062
231,452
0 37
Unfortunately, the County results can't be disaggregated to individual City -level using publicly -available
information However, the City of Redlands represents 4% of the values of the entire County Making a
simplifying assumption of a uniform distribution of flood risk across the County, the City of Redlands could
be expected to suffer as much as
• $18 million in economic loss due to building damage in a 100-year flood
• $64 million in a 100-year flood event without levee protection
• $108 million in a 500-year flood event
Have 14 buildings in Complete Damage State during the 100-year event and 44 buildings in
Complete Damage State during the 500-year event
• Have 593 displaced households during a 100-year event with levee protection (2,114 households
without levee protection), and 3,442 households displaced during a 500-year event
• Of the displaced household, the city can expect 5,560 people needing shelter during a 100-year
event with levee protection (1,284 people without levee protection), and 9,258 people during a
500-year event
The SBEFRA project also produced facility -level flood risk assessment results for the 100-year, 100-year
without levee protection, and 500-year flood scenarios for the identified essential facilities (Emergency
Operations Centers-EOC, Police Stations, Fire Stations) The City of Redlands' existing fire stations, police
station and EOC were all determined to be functional in each of the three (3) flood scenarios
To determine a more robust estimate of the potential flood risk faced by the City of Redlands, a
quantitative assessment of exposure to flooding was also performed The improved census -block level
general building stock data generated by the SBEFRA project was overlain onto maps of flood hazard
(FEMA's National Flood Hazard Layer) to quantify the amount of the building inventory that falls within
each hazard zone The results of this overlay are provided in Table 6 8
100
Table 6 8- Redlands Building Inventory Exposure to Flood Hazards
Building
Inventory
Data by
General
Occupancy
Special Flood Hazard Areas Subject
to Inundation by the 1% Annual
Chance (100 year) Flood
Zone
A
Zone
AE
Zone
AH
Zone AO
Other flood areas
Zone X
(Shaded)
Zone X
Protected
by Levee
Other Areas
Zone D Zone X
(Unshaded)
TOTAL
'gilding Replacement Value ($1,000)
Residential
3,316
0 0
72,993
0
23,917
59,597
4,
Commercial
Industrial
Other
26,136
0
0
250,414
575
16,444
4,946
1,
19,010
0
0
18,101
0
6,370
0
7,159
0
0
13,473
0
9,224
0
Total 55,621 0 354,981 575 55,955 64,543
%ofTotal 1% 0% 0% , 5-001% 1% 1%
kntents Replacement Value ($1,000)
Residential
Commercial
1,658
0 0
36,494
0
11,958
329,967 4,489,790
256,213 1,554,728
136,230
405,384 435,240
92,749
6,084,313 6,615,9881
92% 100%
29,798
2,164,974
26,136
0
0
250,414
575
16,444
4,946
1,332,681
Industrial
28,515
0
Other
Total
% of Total
10,738
0
0
27,152
0
9,555
0
139,124
2,244,882
1,631,196
204,346
0 I 13,371
0
1,538
0
182,862 208,509
67,047 0 0 327,431
575 39,495 34,744
3,819,641 4,288,933
of
Building Square Footage (1,000 Sq Ft )
Residential
31
0
0
722
0
227
530
36,978
38,488
Commercial
237
0
0
2,196
4
124
60
13,011
15,633
Industrial
252
0
0
240
0
85
0
1,210
1,788
Other
15
0
0
0%
0
0
0%
105
0
70
0
2,548
53,748
92%
2,738
58,647
100%
Total 535
% of Total 1%
3,264
6%
Building Count
27
0
0
376
0
149
324
Residential
18,611
19,487
Commercial
8
0
0
174
1
8
8
509
708
Industrial
2
0
0
25
0
2
0
67
96
Other
2
0
0
12
0
21
0 480
515
Total
% of Total
39 0
0 2% 0%
0%
3% 0 005%
80
1%
332Ilir 19,667
2% 95% 100%
Notes Special Flood Zone Areas are defined in the Hazard Assessment section under Flood
As shown in the Table 6 8, most of the city's buildings are located outside of mapped areas subject to
flooding (i e , Zone X) However, $410 million (6%) of the City's building value (3 2% of the buildings by
count) is subject to inundation by the 1% Annual Chance (100-year) Flood Should these buildings suffer
flood losses on the order of 12-16% (e g , the expected range of damage possible for a two-story home
with no basement, a typical retail store, a typical office, or a typical industrial facility, each with two feet
of flood water, as modeled by the Hazus software's damage function library), building damage could reach
$50-65 million dollars, significantly more than was estimated from countywide loss estimates assuming
uniform risk
Further, while most of the building value at risk in the 100-year floodplain is commercial development
(67%), more than 400 residential buildings are also exposed Very little inventory (<1%) is exposed to the
500-year flood hazard (Zone X (Shaded)-0 2% Annual chance (500yr) Flood), and just 1% is located in
areas of levee protection for the 100-year flood (Zone X Protected by Levee —Areas protected from the
1% annual chance flood)
It should be noted that the totals in this Table 6 8 will vary slightly from those presented in Community
Profile sections, because it was developed by identifying individual census blocks falling within the
boundaries of each hazard zone, and will therefore produce a more refined overlay assessment than a
similar analysis conducted using census tract data The table in the Community Profile section was
developed from census tract data
6 2 3 2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Under the FEMA-funded SBEFRA project, a flood exposure analysis of the critical facilities was performed
The analysis identified one (1) Fire station (Fire Station 261) and eighty-eight (88) RUSD buildings
(Redlands High School, Supply Center) in Zone AO, and one -hundred -thirty (130) RUSD buildings and one
(1) Municipal Utility facility (Hinkley Surface Water Treatment Plant) in Zone X The other critical facilities
were all located in Zone X (Unshaded)
6.2.4 INFECTIOUS DISEASE
To understand the vulnerability to Infectious Disease in the City of Redlands, an exposure assessment was
used Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential
impacts within the entire City The city, as well as the state, country, and the world, are vulnerable to
infectious disease caused by either newly emerging or existing diseases spread person to person, through
a vector, or through food A significant infectious disease outbreak, epidemic, and/or pandemic could
impact a large portion of the population, create challenges on the built environment, overburden essential
public services, and effect the economy The Planning Team ranked this hazard as a HIGH impact during
the hazard prioritization process
Population/Environment- Populations (or other living organisms) are hardest hit during Infectious
Disease events As observed during the COVID pandemic, exposure to infectious diseases can
range from mild conditions to fatalities, each having a significant impact on services provided
Another consideration is addressing the challenges and needs of vulnerable populations (elderly,
homeless)
Built Environment- Depending on the type of infectious disease event, impact to buildings may
include increased use of equipment (i e , HVAC, water) and adaptive reuse of space Additionally,
it could also include deferred maintenance to equipment if employees and vendors are
unavailable
Economy- Infectious Disease events can have a significant impact on the economy While
outbreaks and some epidemics may be less impactful, larger epidemics and pandemics can be
devastating This can range from loss of livestock to loss of business due to limited shoppers,
employees, and/or tenants
102
County Public Health departments develop and exercise response plans related to infectious disease
outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics Plans are developed through the coordination efforts of partner
agencies to establish a solid foundation for improved coordination and intervention by all participants
The plans, however, are focused on public health -related issues and actions They lack response efforts
needed for recovery of the economy and other aspects
The City of Redlands, as the rest of the world, is currently going through a pandemic with the Coronavirus
(COVID-19) Because of the nature of the infectious disease and the duration gain control over the
pandemic, there have been significant impact on the local population and the economy This has led to
closure of local schools and businesses, surge in hospital visits, loss of lives, and loss of jobs
6 2 5 WILDFIRE
To understand the vulnerability to Wildfire in the City of Redlands, an exposure assessment was used
Because there is a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team assessed potential impacts
against the building stock, population, and key assets within the hazard footprint The California
Department of Forestry and Fire Protection's (CAL FIRE) has created and maintains the Fire Hazard
Severity Zones maps These maps, part of the Fire and Resource Assessment Program (FRAP), look at both
State Responsibility Areas (SRA) and Local Responsibility Areas (LRA)
The City of Redlands leverage the exposure assessment of the general building stock and the critical
facilities conducted as part of the SBEFRA Project against Fire Hazard Severity Zones While there is good
exposure information to leverage, some considerations should be given to addressing man-made
ignitions This includes the use (or inappropriate use) of fireworks, deliberate ignitions of fires, and the
use of fires in homeless encampments The Planning Team ranked this hazard as a MEDIUM impact during
the hazard prioritization process
6 2 51 GENERAL BUILDING STOCK EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
For this effort, the improved census -block level building data generated by the SBEFRA project was
overlain onto CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zone maps to quantify the amount of the building inventory
that falls within each hazard zone The results of this overlay are provided in Table 6.9 It should be noted
that mapped fire hazard severity zones affecting the City are all within LRA The totals in the table (e g ,
total building exposure value, total building square footage, etc ) were derived from census "block" data
and will vary slightly from those presented in other tables which were developed from census "tract" data
103
Table 6 9- City of Redlands Building Inventory Exposure to CAL FIRE Hazard Zones
Building
Inventory Data
CAL FIRE -Fire Hazard Severity Zones
,y enera
Occupancy
Very High Moderate
Non -midland/ Urban
Non -urban Unzoned
Total
ing Count
Residential
1,688
870
1,367
379
15,183
19,487
Commercial
24
4
89
22
569
708
Industrial
0
0
33
2
61
96
Other
17
4
8
16
470
515
% of Total
[Building Square Footage
1,729 878 1,49 419 16,283
8%
(1,000 Sq Ft
4%
7%
2%
78%
100%
)
Residential 4 456 1904
2 987
701
28,440
38 488
Commercial 217 207
1,503
6,533
7,173
15,633
Industrial 0 0
696
26
1,066
1,788
Other
Total
% of Total
59 13
8% 4%
33
9%
79
13%
2,555
67%
2,738
100%
Residential
611,516 242,849
365,552
54,011
3,215,862
4,489,790
Commercial
28,447 17,177
173,989
515,605
819,510
1,554,728
Industrial
0 0
52,426
2,170
81,634
136,230
Other
8 845 1 413
5 181
12 938
406 863
435 240
Total 648,808 261,439 597,14:
84,72, , ,: • • •,•
% of Total
10%
Value ($
4%
121,425
9%
182,778
9% 68%
27,006 1,607,915
100%
2,244,882
Contents Replacement
Residential
305,758
Commercial
30,827 17,177
187,873
515,605 879,714
1,631,196
Industrial
0 0
78,640
3,255 122,451
204,346
Other
2,873 1,413
3,957
2,748 197,518
208,509
�tal
% of Total
339,458
8%
140,015
3%
453,248
11%
548,614
2,807,598
4,288,
13%
65%
100%
As shown in the Table 6 9, most of the city's buildings (80% of buildings, 77% of building value) are located
outside of mapped wildfire hazard areas (i e , are located in "non-wildland/non-urban" or "urban
unzoned" areas) However, 10% of the City's building value is located in the area of Very High Fire Hazard
Severity, with an additional 4% located in High Severity, and 9% in Moderate Severity Most of the
exposure to these fire hazard severity zones is residential construction, 1688, 870 and 1367 residential
buildings are located in the Very High, High and Moderate Zones respectively, valued at more than $611
million, $242 million, and $365 million
6.2.5.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Under the FEMA-funded SBEFRA project, a wildfire exposure analysis of the critical facilities was
performed The analysis of the Federal and Local Responsibly Area Fire Hazard Severity Zones identified
One (1) Fire Station (Fire Station 262) in the Moderate Local Responsibly Area Fire Hazard Severity
Zone
• Two (2) Municipal Utility facilities (Henry Tate Water Treatment Plant, Hinkley Surface Water
Treatment Plant) and one -hundred -forty-eight (148) RUSD buildings (Arroyo Verde Elementary ,
Beattie Middle, Highland Grove Elementary, Mariposa Elementary, Mission Elementary,
Redlands East Valley High) in the High Local Responsibly Area Fire Hazard Severity Zone
• Twenty-seven (27) RUSD buildings (Cram Elementary) in the Very High Local Responsibly Area Fire
Hazard Severity Zone
Three (3) RUSD buildings (Fallsvale Elementary) in the Very High Federal Responsibly Area Fire
Hazard Severity Zone
6.2.6 WINDSTORM
To understand the vulnerability to Windstorms in the City of Redlands, an exposure assessment was used
Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential
impacts within the entire City Windstorm events have become more frequent, longer lasting, and are
more severe/intense than before Windstorms have the capability of being of long or short duration
While longer duration events can have significant impact on the population, built environment, lifeline
infrastructure, environment, and/or the economy, shorter duration events can be just as damaging if the
winds are powerful Windstorm events could also trigger other hazards For example, prolonged periods
of high winds, could damage power lines, creating power outages and/or wildfires The Planning Team
ranked this hazard as a MEDIUM impact during the hazard prioritization process
Population- While rare, windstorms have been responsible for injuries and loss of life High winds
have been known to knock people down and cause significant injuries, especially with the elderly
Collapsed structures and flying debris carried along by extreme winds can directly contribute to
injuries and loss of life This is particularly true for falling limbs or branches, or entire trees during
wind events Falling trees can bring electric power lines down to the pavement, creating the
possibility of lethal electric shock Rising population growth and new infrastructure in the region
creates a higher probability for damage to occur from windstorms as more life and property are
exposed to risk
Built Environment- Both residential and commercial structures are susceptible to damage Wind
pressure can create a direct and frontal assault on a structure, pushing walls, doors, and windows
inward Conversely, passing currents can create lift suction forces that pull building components
and surfaces outward With extreme wind forces, the roof or entire building can fail, causing
considerable Windstorms can also collapse or damage roads, bridges, traffic signals, streetlights,
and other facilities During periods of extremely strong winds, major roads and highways can be
temporarily closed to personal, commercial (high profile trucks), and recreational vehicle traffic
Roads blocked by may also have severe consequences to people who need access to emergency
services Emergency response operations can be complicated when roads are blocked or when
power supplies are interrupted
Lifelines- Historically, falling trees and other flying debris have been the major cause of power
outages in the region Windstorms such as strong microbursts and Santa Ana Wind conditions can
cause flying debris and downed utility lines Winds can also knock out or cause damage to
telecommunications equipment (cell towers and/or antennas) Many lifeline systems rely on
telecommunication systems to manage and monitor systems
• Economy- Windstorms can result in direct damage and indirect consequences (interrupted
services) to the local economy Direct impacts include loss of business, while secondary (indirect)
impacts include damage to buildings, personnel, and other vital equipment
105
Environment- During wet winters, saturated soils cause trees to become less stable and more
vulnerable to uprooting from high winds In some instances, this lose could include some older,
more historical (or sentimental) trees in the area or involve several trees, changing the
characteristic of the area
6.3 TIER II AND TIER III HAZARDS
As mentioned, this section is focused on Tier I hazards However, because there are no loss estimation
models for the hazards in Tier II and Tier III and the only vulnerability assessment that can be performed
is an exposure assessment, the Planning Team decided to include an overview of the vulnerabilities of the
Tier II and Tier III hazards Below is a summary of the assessment
6.3.1 TIER 11 HAZARDS
Aircraft Accident/Incident- To understand the vulnerability to Aircraft Accidents/Incidents in the
City of Redlands, an exposure assessment was used Because there is not a hazard exposure area
(or footprint), the Planning Team considered potential impacts within the entire City An Aircraft
Accident/Incident, depending on the size of the aircraft and the location of the incident, could
have a considerable impact on the population (loss of life from the accident), buildings (damage
to structures from debris), economy (shut down of areas to recover), and the environment (fire
following, loss of vegetation/habitats, reconfiguration of landscape) The Planning Team ranked
this hazard as a MEDIUM impact during the hazard prioritization process
■ Civil Disturbance- To understand the vulnerability to Civil Disturbance in the City of Redlands, an
exposure assessment was used Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the
Planning Team considered potential impacts within the entire City Southern California is a
frequent site of demonstrations due to its high profile and presence of significant government
functions and buildings It is conceivable that a demonstration or movement could turn to
violence and begin spreading into neighboring communities While the City of Redlands does not
have a history of civil disturbances, it has a high profile in the area Civil disturbance can vary in
size and length of time, however, in the City of Redlands, it is expected to be smaller and of limited
time A civil disturbance, depending on the cause and effect, could have a considerable impact on
the population (injuries, fatalities), built environment (destruction to property), lifeline
infrastructure (damage to equipment), economy (disruption to normal business), and the
environment (destruction to property) The Planning Team ranked this hazard as a HIGH impact
during the hazard prioritization process
Drought- Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team
considered potential impacts within the entire City A drought event could have a considerable
impact on the population (injuries, fatalities), lifeline infrastructure (damage to equipment),
economy (disruption to normal business), and the environment (destruction to landscape) The
Planning Team ranked this hazard as a LOW impact during the hazard prioritization process
• Extreme Temperature- Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning
Team considered potential impacts within the entire City An Extreme Temperature event could
have a considerable impact on the population, built environment, lifeline infrastructure,
economy, and the environment Exposure to extreme heat can result in illness (such as heat stroke
or heat exhaustion) or death for those at greatest risk, including infants and children up to four
years of age, people who overexert during work or exercise, people 65 years of age or older,
people who are ill or on certain medications, the homeless population, and, people who are
106
overweight Extreme temperatures can cause equipment to become overburden and possible fail
Depending on the type of equipment impacted, it could over heat structures, create electric al
overloads, and warp (or melt) pieces If lifeline systems shutdown and/or fail, there are rippling
effects on the economy as there is an inability to provided services and/or move merchandise
Additionally, extreme temperatures may require implementation of mitigation actions that
impact operating budgets Extreme temperatures could noticeably impact water supplies and
vegetation/landscape The Planning Team ranked this hazard as a LOW impact during the hazard
prioritization process
Hazardous Material Accident- Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the
Planning Team considered potential impacts within the entire City A chemical/hazardous
materials spill, depending on the cause and effect, could have a considerable impact on the
population (injuries, fatalities), built environment (destruction to property), lifeline infrastructure
(damage to equipment), economy (disruption to normal business), and the environment
(destruction to property) The Planning Team ranked this hazard as a MEDIUM impact during the
hazard prioritization process
Infestation- Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team
considered potential impacts within the entire City An infestation event could have a
considerable impact on the population (injuries, fatalities), economy (disruption to normal
business), and the environment (destruction to landscape/crops) The Planning Team ranked this
hazard as a LOW impact during the hazard prioritization process
Landslide- Because there is a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team assessed
potential impacts against the building stock, population, and key assets within and around the
hazard footprint The current hazard footprint (see Figure 5 16, under Hazard Profile) is located in
in areas with very little development and population However, a landslide event could potentially
impact people who may be in the area (injuries, fatalities), damage some property and lifeline
infrastructure systems and equipment, disrupt the economy, and damage the environment The
Planning Team ranked this hazard as a MEDIUM impact during the hazard prioritization process
Technology Disruption- Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning
Team considered potential impacts within the entire City A cybersecurity even depending on the
cause and effect, could have a considerable impact on the population (injuries, fatalities), built
environment (destruction to property), lifeline infrastructure (damage to equipment), and
economy (disruption to normal business) The Planning Team ranked this hazard as a HIGH impact
during the hazard prioritization process
Train Accident/Incident- Because there is a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team
assessed potential impacts against the building stock, population, and key assets within and
around the hazard footprint A train derailment event could have a considerable impact on the
population (injuries, fatalities), built environment (destruction to property), lifeline infrastructure
(damage to equipment), economy (disruption to normal business), and the environment
(reconfiguration of landscape) The Planning Team ranked this hazard as a MEDIUM impact during
the hazard prioritization process
6.3.2 TIER 111 HAZARDS
• Dam Breach- Because there is a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team assessed
potential impacts against the building stock, population, and key assets within the hazard
footprint The current hazard footprint (see Figure 5 12, under Hazard Profile) is located in an area
107
with very little development and population However, a dam breach could potentially impact
people who may be in the area (injuries, fatalities), damage some property and lifeline
infrastructure systems and equipment, disrupt the economy, and damage the environment The
Planning Team ranked this hazard as a MEDIUM impact during the hazard prioritization process
Terrorism- Because there is not a hazard exposure area (or footprint), the Planning Team
considered potential impacts within the entire City A terrorism event, depending on the cause
and effect, could have a considerable impact on the population (injuries, fatalities), built
environment (destruction to property), lifeline infrastructure (damage to equipment), economy
(disruption to normal business), and the environment (reconfiguration of landscape) The
Planning Team ranked this hazard as a MEDIUM impact during the hazard prioritization process
108
7 MITIGATION STRATEGY
7.1 OVERVIEW
The mitigation strategy for the City of Redlands is based on informed assumptions, recognizing both
mitigation challenges and opportunities, with the ultimate mission of creating a disaster resistant and
sustainable community for the future The mitigation strategy is derived from an in-depth understanding
of possible deficiencies between potential vulnerabilities and existing capabilities, with the mitigation
objectives in mind The mitigation strategy built upon the previous mitigation actions identified in the City
of Redlands 2015 LHMP and was expanded to consider current needs
7.2 MITIGATION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
To better assist with the identification of mitigation measures, mitigation goals and objectives were
developed The mitigation goals and objectives support the City's mitigation mission to create a disaster
resistant and sustainable community Well defined goals and objectives help focus efforts and ensure
progress toward the mitigation mission The mitigation goal and objectives were used by the Planning
Team as a starting point prior to identifying mitigation measures The goals and objectives include
GOAL 1 Minimize Life Loss and Injuries
Objective 1 1 Improve understanding of the hazards (location, vulnerability, and measures
needed)
Objective 1 2 Exchange information about hazards, vulnerabilities, and mitigation measures
with all levels of governments, private sector, and the public
Objective 1 3 Ensure that all facilities meet current applicable regulations, standards, and
ordinances designed to protect life safety
Objective 14 Identify and modify high risk structures to meet life safety standards
Objective 1 5 Improve emergency communications and public warning systems
Objective 1 6 Develop policies and procedures to better serve disadvantaged and vulnerable
populations
GOAL 2 Minimize Damage to Structures, Property, and Equipment
Objective 21 Encourage new development to occur in locations that avoid or minimize
exposure to hazards
Objective 22 Develop and adopt enhanced land use, design, and construction policies designed
to reduce property loss to hazards
Objective 23 Incorporate mitigation into repairs, major alterations, new development, and
redevelopment projects in areas subject to substantial life safety risks
Objective 24 Ensure that all facilities meet current applicable codes, standards, and
ordinances, encourage incorporation of mitigation measures for all structures
Objective 25 Encourage non-structural retrofitting on elements and equipment within
facilities
GOAL 3 Protect the Environment
Objective 3 1 Implement mitigation and watershed protection strategies that reduce loss of
wildlife, habitat, and water
Objective 3 2 Implement mitigation and protection strategies that reduce loss of cultural,
historic and environmental resources
Objective 3 3 Enhance, rehabilitate, and protect natural systems and environmental resources
109
Objective 3 4 Encourage balance between natural resource management and land use
planning
GOAL 4: Promote Public Awareness of Hazards
Objective 4 1 Develop and implement strategies to bring a greater understanding of the risks
associated with hazards, individual preparedness activities, and the benefits of
hazard mitigation
Objective 4 2 Develop and implement strategies to bring a greater understanding of mitigation,
disaster preparedness, and recovery programs
Objective 4 3 Establish and maintain partnerships between all levels of local government, the
private sector, the business community, community groups, and institutions of
higher learning that exchange information on hazards and the benefits of
mitigation measures
GOAL 5• Improve Emergency Management Capability
Objective 5 1 Identify the need for, and acquire, any special emergency management
equipment to enhance response capabilities for specific hazards
Objective 5 2 Develop and maintain emergency plans (Response, Recovery, Preparedness,
Prevention, Mitigation)
Objective 5 3 Establish and maintain emergency management systems and facilities
Objective 5 4 Develop and maintain Public -Private Partnerships
Objective 5 5 Develop and maintain Memorandums of Understanding/Mutual Aid Agreements
Objective 5 6 Develop, maintain, and share essential data (demographics, hazards, buildings,
resources, personnel)
Objective 5 7 Develop, maintain, and implement emergency management training curriculum
Objective 5 8 Design and implement disaster response exercises (tabletop, functional, full-
scale)
GOAL 6 Ensure Continuity of Government and Operations
Objective 6 1 Develop, maintain, and exercise Business Continuity Plans, ensuring compatibility
with emergency management plans
Objective 6 2 Ensure reliability for vital communications
Objective 6 3 Protect vital records
Objective 6 4 Protect essential Information Technology equipment and systems
Objective 6 5 Promote resiliency of essential functions to minimize economic loss/disruption
Objective 6 6 Maintain list of Key Assets and ensure their functionality after hazard events
Objective 6 7 Maintain a list of essential personnel and vendors with contact information
Objective 6 8 Identify and acquire any necessary equipment to maintain functionality
7.3 PROGRESS IMPLEMENTING MITIGATION MEASURES
As part of the LHMP update process, the Planning Team reviewed the mitigation actions included in the
previous plan The review included identifying the status of the mitigation action (Completed, Not Started,
In Progress, or No Longer Needed) Those mitigation actions that were determined to be "On Going"
where placed under the Mitigation Governance section of Capabilities Assessment chapter In other
words, the Planning Team deemed that since the mitigation measure did not have a start or stop date, it
should not be placed under this section and should be captured in the Mitigation Governance with the
other ongoing mitigation programs For all mitigation actions listed as Not Started, the Planning Team
discussed whether or not the mitigation action was still needed If deemed "as needed", the mitigation
measure was carried over to the new list of mitigation measures Additionally, descriptions of the carried
110
over, needed mitigation actions were reviewed and, in some cases, the name was changed, the scope was
expanded, and/or the mitigation measures was merged with another (i e , public outreach for all hazards,
not just earthquakes) Table 7-1 indicates the status of each of the mitigation measures from the previous
plan
Table 7-1. Status of Previous Mitigation Measures
►� • , �i
..
Status
Mission Zanja- improve drainage
Flood
Not Started
Reservoir Canyon improve drainage
Flood
Not Started
Downtown- improve drainage
Flood
Not Started
South City improve drainage
Flood
Not Started
North City- improve drainage
Flood
Not Started
Water Conservation Plan develop and implement
Drought
Not Started
Vegetation Reduction- abatement program
Wildfire
Ongoing program
Vegetation Management- inspection program
Wildfire
Ongoing program
Fire Resistant Community outreach and education
Wildfire
Not Started
Household Hazardous Waste- Reduction Program
Hazardous Material
Ongoing program
County Hazardous Materials Responders
Hazardous Material
Not Started
Self contained Breathing Apparatus equipment purchase
Hazardous Material
Complete
Education and Outreach- structural retrofitting
Earthquake
Not Started
Structural Retrofitting- City owned buildings
Earthquake
Not Started
Drought Emergency Plan
Drought
Not Started
Public Outreach, Emergency Notification System, and
database of Unreinforced Masonry buildings
Earthquake
Not Started
Emergency Circulation Master Plan
Hazardous Material
Not Started
7 4 MITIGATION MEASURE PRIORITIZATION
The Planning Team used the STAPLEE Criteria (Social, Technical, Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic,
and Environmental) to evaluate the feasibility of each of the mitigation measures being considered for
inclusion in the LHMP update The STAPLEE process helped the Planning Team understand possible
challenges that could hinder the ability to implement the mitigation measure The STAPLEE criteria as
includes the following considerations
Social
• Is the proposed action socially acceptable to the community?
• Are there equity issues involved that would mean that one segment of the community is
treated unfairly?
• Will the action cause social disruption?
Technical
• Will the proposed action work?
• Will it create more problems than it solves?
• Does it solve a problem or only a symptom?
• Is it the most useful action in light of other community goals?
Administrative
• Can the community implement the action?
• Is there someone to coordinate and lead the effort?
• Is there sufficient funding, staff, and technical support available?
• Are there ongo►ng adm►n►strat►ve requ►rements that need to be met?
Political
• Is the action pol►t►cally acceptable?
• Is there public support both to implement and to maintain the project?
Legal
• Is the community authorized to implement the proposed action? Is there a clear legal basis or
precedent for this activity?
• Are there legal side effects? Could the activity be construed as a tak►ng 2
• Is the proposed action allowed by the general plan, or must the general plan be amended to
allow the proposed action?
• Will the community be liable for action or lack of action?
• Will the activity be challenged?
Economic
• What are the costs and benefits of this action?
• Do the benefits exceed the costs 2
• Are initial, maintenance, and administrative costs taken into account?
• Has funding been secured for the proposed action? If not, what are the potential sources
(public, non-profit, and private)?
• How will this action affect the fiscal capability of the community?
• What burden will this action place on the tax base or local economy?
• What are the budget and revenue effects of this activity?
• Does the action contribute to other community goals, such as capital improvements or
economic development?
• What benefits will the action provide?
Environmental
• How will the action affect the environment?
• Will the action need environmental regulatory approvals?
• Will ►t meet local and state regulatory requirements?
• Are endangered or threatened species likely to be affected?
Each proposed mitigation measure was assessed and given a score between 1-5 where 5 is
favorable/beneficial (or NO major issues/opposition) and 1 is unfavorable/not beneficial (or major
issues/opposition) for each of the STAPLEE criteria The scores were then totaled and a final score was
established for each mitigation measure A relative comparison of mitigation measures helps understand
which mitigation measure may have the greatest potential for implementation However, the Planning
Team recognized that this ranking does not (and should not) preclude the City from funding mitigation
actions lower on the list first, especially if funding is available
7.5 MITIGATION MEASURES
The focus of the mitigation measures was on the "high" priority (Tier I) hazards (Earthquake, Energy
Shortage/Power Outage, Flood, Infectious Disease, Wildfire, and Windstorm), however, some mitigation
measures do address other hazards or cut across all hazards Mitigation measures were identified by
assessing the effectiveness of current capabilities (existing plans, policies, and programs) against the
expected impacts (vulnerabilities) Table 7-2 represents the proposed mitigation measures identified by
the Planning Team
112
Table 7-2 Proposed Mitigation Actions
Mitigation Action
Hazard
Goal
1
Create and maintain a Key Asset Database
Multi
1, 2, 5, 6
2
Develop and maintain Emergency Circulation (Traffic) Plan(s),
acquire necessary equipment to support implementation
Multi
1, 4, 5, 6
3
Develop and maintain Memorandums of Understanding
(MOUs) and Public -Private Partnerships in support of
emergency management and business continuity
Multi
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
1, 4, 5, 6
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
4
Develop and maintain Business Continuity Plan(s), emphasize
loss of technology (Tech Down) situation
Multi
5
Develop and maintain an Emergency Public Communications
Plan, acquire necessary equipment and maintain systems to
support implementation
Multi
6
Develop and maintain an Energy Strategic Plan, acquire
necessary equipment to support implementation
Multi
7
Develop and maintain a Hazards Public Outreach Program,
acquire necessary material/equipment/systems to support
implementation
Multi
8
Update and maintain an Emergency Operations Plan (EOP),
acquire necessary equipment/systems to support
implementation
Multi
1, 4, 5, 6
9
Develop a Policy to Incorporate Hazard Risk into other plans
and development efforts
Multi
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
10
Develop and/or incorporate Emergency Management Training
and Exercise Program into existing training and exercise
programs
Multi
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2,3,5,6
11
Conduct an Assessment of City -owned Lifeline infrastructure,
acquire equipment and materials as need to support
implementation Projects could include pipeline replacement,
adding security systems, retrofit of existing
facilities/equipment, incorporating backup generators, and
other upgrades and improvements
Multi
12
Participate and continue support of the OA Stakeholder Group
Multi
1,3,4,5,6
13
Establish and maintain the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team
Multi
1,2,3,4,5,6
14
Conduct an Assessment of City -owned Facilities, perform
Structural and Non structural Retrofits as needed
Multi
1,2,4,6
15
Develop a Building Condition Assessment Report for typical of
building construction types in the City, develop a program to
support structural and non structural retrofitting
Multi
1,2,4,6
16
Develop and maintain a Vegetation Management Plan
Multi
1,2,3,4
17
Increase coordination with Lifeline Stakeholders to better
understand their improvement, mitigation, and resiliency
efforts
Multi
1, 2, 5, 6
18
Develop protocols and ensure appropriate personnel are
signed up and receive Earthquake Notifications from USGS
Earthquake
1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6
19
Coordinate with Southern California Edison Emergency
Management
Energy Shortage/
Power Outage
20
Continue support of the County Floodplain Management Plan
Flood
4, 5, 6
21
Formalize and expand the role of the Floodplain Manager/NFIP
Coordinator
Flood
1, 2, 3, 4
22
Conduct drainage improvements on Mission Zanja
Flood
1, 2, 3
113
Mitigation Action
Hazard
Goal
23
Conduct drainage improvements on Reservoir Canyon
Flood
1,
2,
3
24
Conduct drainage improvements in Downtown
Flood
1,
2,
3
25
Conduct drainage improvements in South City
Flood
1,
2,
3
26
Conduct drainage improvements in North City
Flood
1,
2,
3
27
Develop, maintain, and disseminate an Infectious Disease
Response Plan, acquire equipment, supplies, and other
material as needed to support role
Infectious Disease
1,
4,
5,
6
28
Ensure Fire Resistant Materials are incorporated into existing
building modifications and/or future development
Wildfire
1,
2,
4,
6
29
Incorporate Defensive Space Standards in existing and future
building designs
Wildfire
1,
2,
2,
4,
4,
6
30
Coordinate with San Bernardino International and Ontario
International Airport's Emergency Management Division
Aircraft
Accident/Incident
1,
5
31
Coordinate with the County, surrounding local cities, and the
regional Fusion Center
Civil Disturbance
1,
2,
4,
5,
6
32
Coordinate with Ca Department of Water Resources
Dam Breach
1,
2,
3,
4
33
Coordinate with State and local Governments, acquire
equipment, supplies, and other material as needed to support
role
Drought
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
4,
4
4,
4,
4,
4,
5,
5,
5,
5
5
6
6
6
34
Develop and maintain a Water Conservation Plan, implement
recommendations
Drought
1,
35
Develop and maintain a Drought Emergency Plan, acquire
equipment, supplies, and other material as needed to support
role
Drought
1,
L1,
1,
36
Coordinate with State of California local Governments, acquire
equipment, supplies, and other material as needed to support
role
Extreme
Temperature
37
Develop and maintain an Extreme Temperature Emergency
Plan, acquire equipment, supplies, and other material as
needed to support implementation
Extreme
Temperature
38
Formalize, maintain, and promote the Hazardous Materials
Program, acquire necessary equipment, material, and supplies
needed to support implementation
Hazardous
Material Accident
1,
2,
39
Enforce and support annual Training and Exercises
Hazardous
Material Accident
1,
2,
3,
4,
5
40
Coordinate with local citrus growers, acquire equipment,
supplies, and other material as needed to support role
Infestation
2,
3,
4,
5
41
Work with State and County officials, acquire equipment,
supplies, and other material as needed to support role
Infestation
2,
3,
4,
5
42
Develop and maintain a Technology Master Plan, acquire
equipment as needed to support implementation
Technology
Disruption
1,
2,
4,
5,
6
43
Develop and maintain IT Incident Response Plans, implement
recommendations
Technology
Disruption
1,
2,
4,
5,
6
44
Coordinate with NTSB, Regional Association of governments,
and County Transportation Department, acquire equipment,
supplies, and other material as needed to support role
Train
Accident/Incident
1,
4,
5
AA
C'nnrrlinata \nnth tha C'niint, ci1rrniinrlina InraI ritiac and tha
regional Fusion Center, acquire equipment, supplies, and other
material as needed to support role
Terrorism
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
The Planning Team made assessments to determine if plans, policies, and/or programs needed to be
expanded and/or improved, and whether those changes would support reducing the hazard Any
recommended changes to plans, policies, and programs are reflective in Table 7 2 It is also worth to note,
that consideration was also given to needed plans, policies, and programs They too are also included in
Table 7 2
7.6 MITIGATION MEASURE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
The following table (Table 7-3) reflects the implementation plan for each mitigation measure The
implementation plan identifies the lead department responsible for the action, the estimated cost,
potential funding source to support the action, and the proposed timeframe for completion It is
important to note that while a lead department is identified, that some other City departments (i e ,
Information Technology, Police, Fire, or Facilities) may actually take the lead depending on the project
(i e , Memorandums of Understanding- MOUs and Business Continuity Plan- BCPs) Emergency
Management may coordinate the effort but the other City departments may actually take the lead to
complete the particular MOU or BCP Additionally, the City intends to actively search for other possible
funding source to help implement the mitigation measures but those resources are not known at this time
to be listed It is also worth to note that the City has listed Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grants
under several of the mitigation measures The City recognizes that HMA grants include the Hazard
Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC), and Flood
Mitigation Assistance (FMA) funding It was deemed better by the Planning Team to list it collectively,
instead of only selecting 1 or 2 of the grant programs as to not limit consideration under the other grant
programs
Table 7-3 Mitigation Measure- Implementation Plan
Mitigation Action
Cost
Timeframe
Funding
Score
1 Create and maintain a Key Asset
Database
8 Update and maintain an
Emergency Operations Plan (EOP),
acquire necessary
equipment/systems to support
implementation
12 Participate and continue support
of the OA Stakeholder Group
13 Establish and maintain the Hazard
Mitigation Planning Team
30 Coordinate with San Bernardino
International and Ontario
International Airport's Emergency
Management Division
31 Coordinate with the County,
surrounding local cities, and the
regional Fusion Center
17 Increase coordination with Lifeline
Stakeholders to better understand
their improvement, mitigation,
and resiliency efforts
Emergency
Management
Emergency
Management
Emergency
Management
Emergency
Management
<$100,000 < 1 year
<$100,000 < 1 year
<$100,000 <1 year
<$100,000
Facilitates and
Community <$100,000
Services
<1 year
Police
Emergency
Management
<1 year
<$100,000 <lyear
<$100,000 1 3 years
General
Fund
General
Fund/HMA
General
Fund/HMA
General
Fund/HMA
General
Fund
General
Fund
General
Fund
35
35
35
35
35
35
34
115
INI
Mitigation Action
19 Coordinate with Southern
California Edison Emergency
Management
3 Develop and maintain
Memorandums of Understanding
(MOUs) and Public -Private
Partnerships in support of
emergency management and
business continuity
7 Develop and maintain a Hazards
Public Outreach Program, acquire
necessary
material/equipment/systems to
support implementation
38 Formalize, maintain, and promote
the Hazardous Materials Program,
acquire necessary equipment,
material, and supplies needed to
support implementation
Enforce and support annual
Training and Exercises
39
44 Coordinate with NTSB, Regional
Association of governments, and
County Transportation
Department, acquire equipment,
supplies, and other material as
needed to support role
4 Develop and maintain Business
Continuity Plan(s), emphasize loss
of technology (Tech Down)
situation
5 Develop and maintain an
Emergency Public
Communications Plan, acquire
necessary equipment and
maintain systems to support
implementation
21 Formalize and expand the role of
the Floodplain Manager/NFIP
Coordinator
28 Ensure Fire Resistant Materials are
incorporated into existing building
modifications and/or future
development
29 Incorporate Defensive Space
Standards in existing and future
building designs
Lead
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Emergency
Management
Cost
Emergency
Management
Fire
Timeframe
<$100,000 < 1 year
<$100,000 1 3 years
<$100,000 < 1 year
Fire /
Emergency
Management
Facilities and
Community
Services
Emergency
Management
Emergency
Management
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Fire
Fire/Develop
ment Services
$100,000
$300,000
$100,000
$300,000
Funding
<1 year
1 3 years
<$100,000 <lyear
$100,000-
$300,000
1-3 years
<$100,000 < 1 year
<$100,000 < 1 year
$100,000
$300,000
$100,000
$300,000
1 3 years
1 3 years
General
Fund/ HMA
General
Fund
General
Fund/HMA
General
Fund
General
Fund/HMA
General
Fund
Score
34
33
33
33
33
33
General
Fund/HMA
General
Fund/HMA
32
32
General
Fund/ HMA
General
Fund/ HMA
General
Fund/ HMA
32
32
32
116
Mitigation Action
Cost Timeframe
Funding Score
45 Coordinate with the County,
surrounding local cities, and the
regional Fusion Center, acquire
equipment, supplies, and other
material as needed to support role
2 Develop and maintain Emergency
Circulation (Traffic) Plan(s),
acquire necessary equipment to
support implementation
9 Develop a Policy to Incorporate
Hazard Risk into other plans and
development efforts
20
Continue support of the County
Floodplain Management Plan
42 Develop and maintain a
Technology Master Plan, acquire
equipment as needed to support
implementation
43 Develop and maintain IT Incident
Response Plans, implement
recommendations
10 Develop and/or incorporate
Emergency Management Training
and Exercise Program into existing
training and exercise programs
33
Coordinate with State and local
Governments, acquire equipment,
supplies, and other material as
needed to support role
11 Conduct an Assessment of City
owned Lifeline infrastructure,
acquire equipment and materials
as need to support
implementation
14 Conduct an Assessment of City
owned Facilities, perform
Structural and Non-structural
Retrofits as needed
15 Develop a Building Condition
Assessment Report for typical of
building construction types in the
City, develop a program to
support structural and non-
structural retrofitting
16
Develop and maintain a
Vegetation Management Plan
Police
Police /
Facilities and
Community
Services
Office of City
Manager
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Management
Services
Management
Services
Emergency
Management
Emergency
Management
/ Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Building
Division
Facilities and
Community
Services
$300,000
$500,000
General
1 3 Years Fund / 32
EMPG
<$100,000
1-3 years
<$100,000 < 1 year
<$100,000
<1year
$100,000-
$300,000
1-3 Years
$100,000-
$300,000
1-3 Years
General
Fund/ HMA
31
General
Fund
General
Fund/ HMA
General
Fund
General
Fund
$100,000-
$300,00
$100,000-
$300,000
$500,000
$1,000,00
$500,000
$1,000,000
1-3 years
1 3 Years
3 5 years
3 5 years
$100,000-
$300,000
1-3 years
<$100,000 1 3 years
31
31
31
31
General
Fund/HMA
General
Fund/EMPG
General
Fund/HMA
30
30
29
General
Fund/HMA
29
General
Fund/HMA
General
Fund/HMA
29
29
117
Mitigation Action
Lead Cost Timeframe
Funding
Score
27 Develop, maintain, and
disseminate an Infectious Disease
Response Plan, acquire
equipment, supplies, and other
material as needed to support role
34 Develop and maintain a Water
Conservation Plan, implement
recommendations
35
Develop and maintain a Drought
Emergency Plan, acquire
equipment, supplies, and other
material as needed to support role
36 Coordinate with State of California
local Governments, acquire
equipment, supplies, and other
material as needed to support role
37 Develop and maintain an Extreme
Temperature Emergency Plan,
acquire equipment, supplies, and
other material as needed to
support implementation
40 Coordinate with local citrus
growers, acquire equipment,
supplies, and other material as
needed to support role
41 Work with State and County
officials, acquire equipment,
supplies, and other material as
needed to support role
6 Develop and maintain an Energy
Strategic Plan, acquire necessary
equipment to support
implementation
32
Coordinate with Ca Department of
Water Resources
18 Develop protocols and ensure
appropriate personnel are signed
up and receive Earthquake
Notifications from USGS
22
Conduct drainage improvements
on Mission Zanja
23 Conduct drainage improvements
on Reservoir Canyon
24 Conduct drainage improvements
in Downtown
Emergency
Management
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Emergency
Management
/ Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Emergency
Management
Emergency
Management
Facilities and
Community
Services
Facilities and
Community
Services
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Emergency
Management
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
<$100,000
$100,000
$300,000
1 3 years
<1 year
$100,000-
$300,000
<1 year
$100,000-
$300,000
<1 year
$100,000
$300,000
<$100,000
<1 year
<1 year
$100,000
$300,000
<1 year
<$100,000 1 3 years
<$100,000 <1 year
<$100,000 < 1 year
> $1,000,000 3-5 years
> $1,000,000 3-5 years
> $1,000,000 3-5 years
General
Fund/ HMA
General
Fund
General
Fund
General
Fund
General
Fund
General
Fund
General
Fund
General
Fund/HMA
General
Fund
General
Fund/ HMA
General
Fund/ HMA
General
Fund/ HMA
General
Fund/ HMA
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
28
28
26
26
26
26
118
Mitigation Action Lead
Cost
Timeframe Fu
Mr I
25
Conduct drainage improvements
in South City
26
Conduct drainage improvements
in North City
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
Municipal
Utilities &
Engineering
> $1,000,000 3 5 years
> $1,000,000 3 5 years
General
Fund/ HMA
26
General
Fund/ HMA
26
119
8 PLAN ADMINISTRATION
8.1 MONITORING, EVALUATING AND UPDATING THE PLAN
The City of Redlands Fire Department Emergency Management Division will lead the effort and will be
responsible for ensuring that this plan is being monitored and evaluated over the next five (5) years While
there is not a confirmed meeting schedule, the Emergency Management Division will ensure that at a
minimum there is an annual meeting of the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team and possibly other
interested stakeholders to discuss the LHMP The first annual meeting will occur one (1) year from the
date of FEMA approval The annual review with the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team will include, not
limited to
■ Status on progress towards implementing mitigation measures
■ The need for additional and/or removal of mitigation measures
■ Adjustments to the mitigation measure and/or implementation plan
Addition to the Goals and/or objectives
Revisions to the Hazard Profiles, primarily focused on description, history, location
In addition to the annual meetings, the Emergency Management Division may also leverage existing
meetings to review, evaluate, and discuss progress on the mitigation actions set forth in this plan The
Emergency Management Division will ensure that the LHMP is an agenda item or incorporated into the
discussion in those meetings whenever appropriate
The Hazard Mitigation Planning Team will also visit the LHMP after significant hazard events, ensuring
Lessons Learned and other vital information is captured for incorporation into future LHMP updates This
will provide the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team with an opportunity to evaluate the value of any
implemented mitigation actions, validate the needs of the remaining mitigation actions, and possibly
identify additional mitigation actions
Information obtained from all of these meetings will be captured by the Emergency Management Division
and made available for the next LHMP update
The Emergency Management Division will also lead the effort to update the LHMP Understanding the
need not to have the LHMP expire, the Emergency Management Division will begin the process of
updating the LHMP two (2) years prior to the plan expiration date The Emergency Management Division
may or may not seek another Hazard Mitigation Assistance grant or the assistance of a consultant to
support this effort If either of these are true, the Emergency Management Division will incorporate
appropriate time to account for those needs
8.2 INCORPORATION INTO OTHER PLANNING EFFORTS
The City of Redlands is aware of the hazards that face its community, as historic incidents prove that
disasters are a common occurrence in this area The City will continue to strive toward protecting the life,
property and economy of the City The City of Redlands also supports an all -hazard approach, encouraging
information sharing between City Departments to incorporate into other planning efforts As other plans
are developed, the LHMP information will be leveraged and incorporated when other plans could benefit
120
from a better understanding of hazards and the potential mitigation measures that can be taken Over
the past five (5) years, fiscal and personnel challenges has limited the City's ability to fully incorporated
the LHMP into other plans While previous Planning Team members have championed and shared LHMP
information during other planning efforts, there has not been a formalized process to truly integrate the
LHMP information into other plans The City is still facing some of those same challenges but is committed
to keep pushing for better integration of LHMP information The City of Redlands is anticipating
incorporating and/or leveraging the information from the LHMP into the
Emergency Operation Plan
Water System Emergency Response Plan
■ Water Conservation Management Plan (Title 13 —13 06 010)
Fire Protection Master Plan (Title 15, Section 15 20 580)
Spill Prevention Control & Countermeasure Plan
■ Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (Title 3 3 48 020 and 3 56 020)
■ Business Emergency Contingency Plan
■ Sewer Capital Improvement (Title 3 — 3 44 020)
■ Vegetation Management (Title 15, Section 15 20 560)
■ Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Area (Title 15, Section 15 20 550)
▪ Earthquake — Hazardous Building (Title 15, Section 15 52 020)
The City of Redlands incorporated by reference the previously LHMP into the City's General Plan Safety
Element As opportunities present themselves, the City will make every effort to incorporate the new
LHMP information into the City's General Plan, where appropriate In the meantime, the LHMP will be
utilized to assess future development in accordance with the General Plan In addition to reviewing future
development against relevant land use and zoning regulations, building codes and fire codes, and
environmental and engineering standards, it will also be reviewed against the LHMP Proposed
development projects will be assessed to determine exposure (or risk) to community hazards The LHMP
will also serve as a reference for suggested mitigation measures to reduce and/or eliminate risk from
those hazards
8.3 CONTINUED STAKEHOLDER AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
As mentioned under Section 2 4 and 2 5, the City of Redlands will organize and/or participate in a variety
of meetings/events to share and exchange information about mitigation with stakeholders and the public
The City will use its social media platforms and when, appropriate, leverage stakeholder and community
social media platforms to announce the meetings/events The City will also continue to provide public
forms with our quarterly Disaster Council which gives the public and local emergency managers the
opportunity to collaborate and coordinate prior to an emergency occurring
8 4 POINT OF CONTACT
Comments or suggestions regarding this plan may be submitted to
Fire Department, Emergency Management Division
Esther Martinez, Emergency Management Specialist
35 Cajon Street, Suite 12
Redlands, Ca 92373
(909) 798-7600 / emartinez@cityofredlands org
121
Appendix 1 Adoption Resolution
122
Appendix 2 Planning Team Members
4ge
Department .1
Position
City of Redlands
Airport Shaffer, Carl _
Airport Supervisor
City of Redlands
City Manager's Office
Baker, Carl
Public Information Officer
City of Redlands
City Manager's Office
McConnell, Janice
Assistant City Manager
City of Redlands
Development Services
Esparza, Cruz
Economic Development
Manager
City of Redlands
Development Services
Foote, Brian
Planning Director
City of Redlands
Facilities and Community
Services
Sullivan, Tim
Assistant Director
City of Redlands
Finance
Jenner, Farrah
Assistant Finance Director
City of Redlands
Fire
Anderson, Vincent
Fire Marshal
City of Redlands
Fire
Crews, Carly
EMS Coordinator
City of Redlands
Fire
Martinez, Esther
Emergency Operations
Specialist
City of Redlands
Fire
Reyes, Bruni
Management Analyst
City of Redlands
Fire
Sessler, Rich
Deputy Chief
City of Redlands
Human Resources
Ng, Tommi
Assistant Director
City of Redlands
Innovation and Technology
Resh, Tom
GIS Supervisor/Web
Administrator
City of Redlands
Innovation and Technology
Sanchez, Sandra
Information Technology
City of Redlands
Library
McCue, Don
Director
City of Redlands
Municipal Utilities and
Engineering
Watson, Kevin
Operations Manager
City of Redlands
Planning
Lin, Catherine
Principal Planner
City of Redlands
Police
Reiss, Mike
Deputy Chief
City of Redlands
Police
Tolber, Rachel
Commander
City of Redlands
Purchasing
Abramovitz, Dana
Manager
Amazon
Morales, Linda
Amazon
Notthingham, Greg
American Red Cross
San Bernardino County
Anderson, Robert
Disaster Program Manager
Arrowhead
Christian Academy
Bell, Nrian
Upper school Principal
Assemblyman
James Ramos
Leyva, Jessie
Field Representative
CA Public Utilities
Commission
Windbigler, Sandy
Business and Community
Outreach
CALFire
Ahmad, Abdul
Division Chief
CALFire
Malinowski, Grant
Chief
Cal Trans
Sadler, Jason
California
Governor's Office of
Emergency Services
Brown, Sonia
Senior Emergency Services
Coordinator
California Highway
Patrol
Seldon, Rod
Captain
Carollo
Deslauriers, Sarah
Carollo
Roquebert, Vincent
Carollo
Sobeck, Dave
Senior Vice President
123
Church ofJesus
Christ Latter Day
Saints
Cannon, Judy Redlands Area Interfaith
Council
City of Highland
Daniely, David
Administrative Analyst
City of Loma Linda
Kendal, Shannon
Joint Emergency Services
Coordinator
City of Moreno
Valley
Bricker, Zuzzette
Emergency Manager
City of San
Bernardino
Oldendorf, Nick
Emergency Manager/
Sergeant
City of Yucaipa
O'Connell, Sherrie
Emergency Services
Coordinator
Com Center
Franke, Tim
Com Center Supervisor
ESRI
Abushanab, Dan
CIO
ESRI
Berry, Don
Operations Manager
ESRI
Kelling, Daniel
Physical Security and Safety
ESRI
Nowlin, Chris
Jonbe Care
Retirement
Community
Loma Linda Hospital
Elshof, Richard
Ngo, Ehren
Emergency Operations
Manager
Metrolink
Rodriguez, Richard
Emergency Manager
Montessori in
Redlands
Camarillo, Ellen
Safety Coordinator
North Redlands
Visioning
Committee
Saucedo, Mario
Office of
Representative Pete
Aguilar
Lewis, Curt
Grant Program Director
Office of Senator
Mike Morrell
Bogh, Madison
Field Representative
Office of Senator
Mike Morrell
Cornejo-Reynoso, Pacal
Field Representative
Omni Trans
Erwin, Barbara
Safety, Security, and
Regulatory Compliance
Manager
Packinghouse
Christian Academy
Conner Michelle
Safety Coordinator
Plymouth Village
Retirement
Community
Michaels, Julie
Executive Director
Redlands Adventist
Academy
York, Glynda
Safety Coordinator
Redlands Bowl
Summer Music
Festival
Noerr, Beverly
Executive Director
Redlands Chamber
of Commerce
Alvarez, Christopher
Executive Director
Redlands Christian
Center
Wallace, Don
Redlands Area Interfaith
Council
Redlands
Community Hospital
Olmos, Melissa
Redlands Historical
Society
Nelda, Stuck
Redlands Unified
School District
Emergency Management
Coordinator
Arrellano, Mauricio
Redlands Unified
School District
Redlands Unified
School District
Mackamul-Covey,
Carianne
Superintendent
Morse, Ken Coordinator of Operations
and Facility Planning
Rochford
Foundation
Timothy, Ellen
San Bernardino
County
San Bernardino
County
San Bernardino
County
San Bernardino
Congjuico, Ashley
Medical Emergency
Planning Specialist
Cruz, Carrie
Ramirez, Michael
Marmolejo, Daniel
Emergency Services Officer
Emergency Services
Supervisor Officer
Safety Manager/
Districts
Relations
Simpler Life
Snedaker, Bob
Owner
Southern California
Gas
Scott, Kristine
Public Affairs Manager
Southern California
Edison
Cloud, Mark
Government Affairs
Representative
United States Post
Office
Andrews, Janet
National Preparedness
Specialist
University of
Redlands
Abbey, Leonette
Project Management
Coordinator
University of
Redlands
Rogers, Michelle
Vice President
Administration
University of
Redlands
Talbott, Jeff
Director of Public Safety
University of
Redlands
Walsh, John
Chaplain
Valley Preparatory
School
Black, John
School Principal
Valley Preparatory
School
Schutz, Derrick
Assistant Head of School
125
Appendix 3 Planning Team Member Meeting Attendance Matrix
City of Redlands
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Planning Team
Department / Agency
6/16/2020
8/18/2020
9/21/2020
10/19/2020
11/16/2020
1/11/2021
3/16/2021
4/7/2021
5/25/2021
Airport
X
City Manager's Office
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Development and Planning Services
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Facilities and Community Services
X
X
Finance
X
X
Fire Department
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Human Resources
X
X
Information Technology
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Library
X
X
X
X
Municipal Utilities and Engineering
X
X
X
X
X
X
Police
X
X
X
X
X
Purchasing
X
Amazon
American Red Cross
Arrowhead Christian Academy
Assemblyman James Ramos
CA Public Utilities Commission
CAL Fire
Cal Trans
California Governor's Office of Emergency Services
California Highway Patrol
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Carollo
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
City of Highland
City of Loma Linda
X
City of Moreno Valley
X
X
City of San Bernardino
City of Yucaipa
X
X
X
X
X
Com Center
ESRI
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Jonbe Care Retirement Community
Loma Linda Hospital
X
X
X
Metrolink
Montessori in Redlands
North Redlands Visioning Committee
Office of Representative Pete Aguilar
X
Updated 6/01/2021
City of Redlands
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Planning Team
Department / Agency
6/16/2020
8/18/2020
9/21/2020
10/19/2020
11/16/2020
1/11/2021
3/16/2021
4/7/2021
5/25/2021
Office of Senator Mike Morrell
Omni Trans
X
Packinghouse Christian Academy
Plymouth Village Retirement Community
Redlands Adventist Academy
Redlands Area Interfaith Council
X
X
Redlands Bowl Summer Music Festival
Redlands Chamber of Commerce
X
X
X
X
X
Redlands Christian Center
Redlands Community Hospital
X
X
X
X
X
Redlands Historical Society
Redlands Unified School District
X
Rochford Foundation
San Bernardino County Office of Emergency Services
X
San Bernardino County Public Health
San Bernardino County School Districts
Simpler Life
So Cal Gas
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Southern California Edison
United States Post Office
X
X
X
X
X
X
University of Redlands
X
X
X
X
X
X
Valley Preparatory School
Updated 6/01/2021
Appendix 4 Public Outreach Announcements
127
AGENDA
This will be a teleconference meeting via Zoom
The following information comprises the agenda for a regular meeting of the DISASTER
COUNCIL of the City of Redlands at the time noted
Monday, October 26, 2020
4.00 P.M. — 5.00 P.M.
Join Zoom Meeting
o https.//cityofredlands.zoom.us/j/92594494297?pwd=TlQ3dy8vUF1CWHpWdDVma211W
mVSdz09
o Meeting ID 925 9449 4297
o Passcode 10262020
o One tap mobile
• +16699006833„92594494297#,,,,,,0#„ 10262020# US (San Jose)
• +13462487799„92594494297#„„„0#„10262020# US (Houston)
o Dial by your location
• +1 669 900 6833 US (San Jose)
• +1 346 248 7799 US (Houston)
■ +1 253 215 8782 US (Tacoma)
• +1 929 205 6099 US (New York)
■ +1 301 715 8592 US (Germantown)
■ +1 312 626 6799 US (Chicago)
• 888 788 0099 US Toll -free
• 877 853 5247 US Toll -free
o Meeting ID 925 9449 4297
o Passcode 10262020
o Find your local number https.//cityofredlands.zoom.us/u/adZ8Ocsdxg
HOW TO SUBMIT COMMENTS: Following public health recommendations to limit public
gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic, City Manager Charles M Duggan Jr , acting as the
City of Redlands Emergency Services Director has directed that Commission/Board meetings be
closed to the public until further notice or until the current local State of Emergency has
been lifted
In order to have your public comment read into the public record at the meeting, members of the
public are asked to submit comments (250 words or less) prior to Thursday, October 22, 2020 at
5 00 p m to Esther Martinez by email at emartinezAcityofredlands.org or by telephone at
(909) 307-7313
rIn compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act if you need special assistance to participate in this
meeting, please contact the Goutam Dobey of Municipal Utilities/Engineering Department at (909) 798-7584
ext 5 Notification 48 hours prior to the meeting will enable the City to make reasonable arrangements to
ensure accessibility to this meeting (28 CFR 35102-35 104 ADA Title II)
Individuals with a disability, consistent with the Americans with Disabilities Act, who need
assistance with public comment, may contact Esther Martinez by telephone (909) 307-7313 or by
email at emartinezAcityofredlands org at least two hours before the meeting to make alternate
arrangements
A. Call to Order (Mayor Paul W Foster )
B. Pledge of Allegiance (Mayor Paul W Foster)
C. Public Comment (Mayor Paul W Foster)
(At this time, the Disaster Council chair will read all public comments, up to 250 words, into
record if they are received in accordance with the deadlines stated above Please Note The
Disaster Council may not discuss or take action on any public comment made
D Introductions / Welcome (Chief Sessler)
E Approval of Minutes (Mayor Paul W Foster)
F Old Business
1 No Follow-up items
G. New Business
1 Presentation by Andy Petrow from APetrow Consulting "City of Redlands Local Hazard
Mitigation Plan Update"
a https //www cityofredlands org/sites/mam/files/file-
attachments/redlands_ final hmp_april_2015.pdf? 1552928023
H. Member Announcements (Roundtable)
I. Possible agenda items for next meeting (?)
J. Adjournment
(The next Disaster Council Meeting will be held on January 25, 2021)
In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, if you need special assistance to participate in this
meeting, please contact the Goutam Dobey of Municipal Utilities/Engineering Department at (909) 798-7584
ext 5 Notification 48 hours prior to the meeting will enable the City to make reasonable arrangements to
ensure accessibility to this meeting (28 CFR 35102-35 104 ADA Title II)
5/28/2021
City of Redlands
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
PUBLIC KICKOFF MEETING/PRESENTATION
OCTOBER26 2020
Agenda
• Background
• Definition of Mitigation
• Local Hazard Mitigation Plans (LHMP) Overview
City of Redlands LHMP Overview
Public Outreach Effort
• Next Steps
Definition of Mitigation
Part of the Disaster Cycle
FEMA defines Mitigation as the `effort to reduce and/or eliminate foss of life
and property by lessening the impacts from hazards
Benefits of mitigation include
Saved lives
Reduced damage to property
Reduced economic losses
MI imized opal disruptio
Shorter recovery period for the community
Purpose of the Meeting/Presentation
Introduce the Project
What d Why were re d ing it
Gain Common Understanding of
Mitigation
Local Hazard Mitigation Plans (LHMP)
Increase Awareness of the City of Redlands LHMP and Update Process
What hazards are being addressed
How the LHMP will be updated
Set expectations moving forward
How you an keep updated on progres
Background
• FEMA provides funds after disasters to mitigate future impacts
• Historically difficult to identify eligible projects
pressure to obligate funds
In 2000, FEMA revised regulations to require an LHMP to
received mitigation funds
LHMP must be comprehensive and identify projects
Project must be m LHMP to be ehgible for funding
Local Hazard Mitigation Plans
Goal -
To develop a strategy to reduce and/or eliminate impacts from hazards
Objectives
• Apply a comprehensive planning approach
Involve the Whole Community (regional stakeholders)
Address Multi -hazards
Engag th p bli
• Understand capabilities and vulnerabilities to hazards
Identify Key Assets
• Identify projects and actions
Integrated with other planning efforts
1
5/28/2021
Local Hazard Mitigation Plans (cont)
LHMP Requirements
Locals prepare adopt, and maintain must be update every 5 years
• Cal OES reviews
FEMA approves
What are Cal OES/FEMA are looking for
Prope d cum ntati of pl nning proces
Current community, hazard, and impact information
Validation/Identification of projects and actions
Method for plan review (updating) and implementation
Verification plan was adopted
City of Redlands LHMP (cont
Public Outreach Effort
Because of COVID-19 challenges with, outreach will be done virtually
Two (2) public meetings
Project kickoff ..this meeting
Draft plan review
• Status Updates
City Social Media (Website, FaceBook, Instagram, Linkedln Twitter)
Othe Social Media (NextDoor takehold
o cial media platforms)
Leverage City Council/Community meetings
Possibly Newspapers/letters (local regional, city, community organizations)
Possibly Flye Ann ncem nt (i s rt i invoices/bills)
City of Redlands LHMP
Last Approved and Adopted in 2015
• Can be found on the City's website
https://www.cityofredl nds.org/pod/ m rg ncy-pl n
Analyzed the following hazards
o Chemical Agents
o Chemical/Hazardous Materials Spill
Crop Losses/Freezing
Dam Breach
o Disease
o Drought
o Earthquake
o En rgy/Powe Outage/Excesses H at
o Flooding
o Infestation
o Mudslide/Landslide
o Tornado
Wildfire
Wi dstorm
Mitigation Actions (projects) focused on priority hazards
City of Redlands LHMP (cont)
Planning Team
Representatives from the City Departments
Representatives from Regional Stakeholders
State
County
Special Districts
N n-governmental 0rga ciao n
Lifelines
Hospitals/Care Facilities
Businesse (larg mploym nt orp rati ns)
Consultant Team
Next Steps
Review public comments
Hold additional Planning Team meetings
Prepare and Review draft LHMP sections
Provide status updates to the public
2
5/28/2021
Contacts
• Esther Martinez
(909) 798-7600
emartinez@cityofredlands.org
• Andy Petrow
(818) 294-5472
petrowa@msn.com
3
AGENDA
This will be a teleconference meeting via Zoom
The following information comprises the agenda for a regular meeting of the DISASTER
COUNCIL of the City of Redlands at the time noted
Monday, April 26, 2021
4:00 P.M. — 5:00 P.M.
Join Zoom Meeting
https.//cityofredlands.zoom.us/j/97062400382?pwd=akJJM 1IxajNJM 11EUGxrSV1hV21Ydz09
Meeting ID 970 6240 0382
Passcode 906782
One tap mobile
+16699006833„97062400382#,,,,*906782# US (San Jose)
+12532158782„97062400382#,,,,*906782# US (Tacoma)
Dial by your location
+1 669 900 6833 US (San Jose)
+1 253 215 8782 US (Tacoma)
+1 346 248 7799 US (Houston)
+1 312 626 6799 US (Chicago)
+1 929 205 6099 US (New York)
+1 301 715 8592 US (Washington D C)
877 853 5247 US Toll -free
888 788 0099 US Toll -free
Meeting ID 970 6240 0382
Passcode 906782
Find your local number https //cityofredlands zoom us/u/amB3lchzX
HOW TO SUBMIT COMMENTS Following public health recommendations to limit public
gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic, City Manager Charles M Duggan Jr , acting as the
City of Redlands Emergency Services Director has directed that Commission/Board meetings be
closed to the public until further notice or until the current local State of Emergency has
been lifted
In order to have your public comment read into the public record at the meeting, members of the
public are asked to submit comments (250 words or less) prior to Thursday, April 23, 2021 at
In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, f you need special assistance to participate in this
meeting please contact the Goutam Dobey of Municipal Utilities/Engineering Department at (909) 798-7584
ext 5 Notification 48 hours prior to the meeting will enable the City to make reasonable arrangements to
ensure accessibility to this meeting (28 CFR 35102-35 104 ADA Title II)
5 00 p m to Esther Martinez by email at emartmezAcityofredlands org or by telephone at
(909) 307-7313
Individuals with a disability, consistent with the Americans with Disabilities Act, who need
assistance with public comment, may contact Esther Martinez by telephone (909) 307-7313 or by
email at emartinez(acityofredlands org at least two hours before the meeting to make alternate
arrangements
A Call to Order (Mayor Paul Barich )
B Pledge of Allegiance (Mayor Paul Barich)
C Public Comment (Mayor Paul Barich)
(At this time, the Disaster Council chair will read all public comments, up to 250 words, into
record if they are received in accordance with the deadlines stated above Please Note The
Disaster Council may not discuss or take action on any public comment made
D. Introductions / Welcome (Chief Sessler)
E. Approval of Minutes (Mayor Paul Barich)
F Old Business
1 No Follow-up items
G. New Business
a Presentation by Andy Petrow from APetrow Consulting "City of Redlands Local
Hazard Mitigation Plan Draft"
i Overview of draft plan for public review
H Member Announcements (Roundtable)
I Possible agenda items for next meeting (9)
J Adjournment
(The next Disaster Council Meeting will be held on July 26, 2021)
In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, if you need special assistance to participate in this
meeting, please contact the Goutam Dobey of Municipal Utilities/Engineering Department at (909) 798-7584
ext 5 Notification 48 hours prior to the meeting will enable the City to make reasonable arrangements to
ensure accessibility to this meeting (28 CFR 35102-35 104 ADA Title II)
5/28/2021
City of Redlands
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Update
PUBLIC KICKOFF MEETING/PRESENTATION
APRIL 26 2021
Overview
• FEMA provides funds to mitigate hazard impacts but
require a LHMP
Mitigation measure/action must be in LHMP to be eligible
• LHMP = City's strategy to mitigate impacts from hazards
Must include a comprehensive planning process
Must understand capabilities and vulnerabilities
Must include mitigation measures/actions
LHMP must be updated every 5 years
City of Redlands last updated in 2015
Capability Assessment
• What tools are in your mitigation toolbox
• Resources
Personnel who works (can work) on mitigation efforts
Governance what rules are in place to support mitigation
Technical what special skills are available to support mitigation
Fiscal what kind of funding is available for mitigation efforts
Purpose of the Meeting/Presentation
• Quick Overview of the Project
What is a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP)
Why are we updating the LHMP
Review Information in the draft LHMP
Federal Requirements
List of Community Hazards
Proposed Mitigation Measures/Actions
• Discuss Next Steps
mi_iWhat is leftto do
Federal Requirements
• Locals prepare adopt and maintain
Cal OES reviews
FEMA approves
What are Cal OES/FEMA are looking for .
Documentation of planning process
List of current capabilities and hazards
Understanding of impacts (vulnerability)
Identification of mitigation measures/actions
Plan for maintaining and implementing LHMP
4.1
Hazards in the Draft LHMP
Analyze all hazards in the community
Provide Description History, Location, other nformation
Screen (prioritize) all hazards
Probability vs Impact
Hazards in the LHMP Priority hazards in bold
o Aircraft Accident/I cident
o Chemical Agent Release
o Civil Disturbance
o Dam Breach
o Drought
Earthquake
Energy Shortage/Powe Outag
o Extreme Temperature
o Flood
o Hazardous Material Accident
o Infectious Disease
o Infestation
o Landslide
o Technology Disruption
Train Accident/Incident
Wildfire
o Windstorm
1
5/28/2021
Vulnerability Assessment
• Quantitative Impacts
Damage Assessment models (Hazus)
Exposure Assessment (hazard footprint)
Qualitative Impacts
Population
Built Environment
Lifelines
Economy
Environment
Proposed Mitigation Measures/Actions
Develop a Key Asset Database
Adopt policy to incorporate hazards into relevant city plans/programs
Develop/Expand MOUs and Public -Private Partnerships
Develop/Expand Public Outreach efforts regarding hazards
Develop/Expand Emergency Management Training and Exercises
Assess City -owned Facilities (structural/non-structural retrofitting)
Develop Mitigation Reference Guide for privately -owned Facilities
Build Closer Working Relationship with utilities government (State County
locals), Airports/Rail, Citrus Growers, local Businesses, Faith -based
organizations
Improve Drainage throughout the City
Next Steps
• Review public comments
Draft LHMP can be found on City webs,te by end of the week
Finalize draft LHMP with the Planning Team
Submit and Review draft LHMP with Cal OES/FEMA
Revise as needed
• City Council Adoption
Mitigation Strategy
• Only need to address priority hazards
• Includes actions that cut across multiple hazards
Actions need to be prioritized
Assessed against typical challenges to projects (feasibility assessment)
• Must have an implementation plan
Identify lead Department
Estimate on how long it will take
Estimate how much it may cost
identify possible funding sources
Proposed Mitigation Measures/Actions (cont )
• Develop/Expand Plans/Assessments, implement recommendations
Business Continuity Plan
Emergency Circulation Plan
Emergency Operations Plan
• Emergency Public Communications Plan
Energy Strategic Plan
Extreme Temperature Plan
Infectious Disease Response/Recovery Plan
Technology Master Plan, including an IT Incident Response Plan
Vegetation Management Plan
Water Conservation/Drought Emergency Plan
Contacts
• Esther Martinez
(909)798-7600
emartmez@cityofredlands.org
• Andy Petrow
(812) 294-5472
petrowa@msn.com
2
Appendix 5 Key Assets
The City of Redlands has identified the following key building assets (Table APP1) Table3 6 captures the
Redlands Unified School District by campus, however, there are several permanent and temporary
structures on each campus Table APP2 depicts the number of permanent and temporary structures on
each campus
Table APP1 Key Building Assets
Facility Name
Address
Year Bldg.
Built Sq. Ft
Structure
Type
Replacement Cost
Fire Station 261
525 E Citrus Ave
Fire Station 262
1716 Garden St
Fire Station 263
10 W Pennsylvania Ave
Fire Station 264
Police Dispatch
1270 W Park Ave
Emergency Operations Center 1270 West Park Ave
2001
4,200
Wood
Frame
$1 98M
1969
2,500
Wood
Frame
$1 18M
1985
3,000
Wood
Frame
$1 42M
1984
8,800
1985
6,200
Police Annex
Animal Control
Joslyn Senior Center
Community Center
Corporate Yard, including
HAZMAT Storage
Henry Tate Water Treatment
Plant
Hinkley Surface Water
Treatment Plant
30 Cajon Street
504 N Kansas St
21 Grant St
111 W Lugonia Ave
1270 W Park Ave
20,000
750
8,700
27,500
67,400
Wood
Frame
Concrete
Block/
Reinforced
Masonry
3050 Mill Creek Rd ,
Mentone
1604 Crafton Ave
N/A
26,614
$4 16M
$3 OM
$3 4M
$20 OM
$20 OM
Highland Ave Water Complex
Highland Ave
N/A
$30 OM
Redlands Wastewater
Treatment Facility
1950 N Nevada St
N/A
City Hall
35 Cajon Street
20,054
$7 82M
Redlands Municipal Airport
San Bernardino International
Airport
A K Smiley Library
Contemporary Club
Power Plant Redlands
Lincoln Shrine
1745 Sessums Dr
Various
Various
Wood and
Metal
Framed
$103M
1601 E 3rd St #100
1,329
acres
125 W Vine St
173 S Eureka St
2492 W San Bernardino Ave
125 W Vine St
1898
1893
1932
64,000
4,000
3800
$40M
$6M
$2B
$8M
Agate Ave Reservoir
Agate Ave & Salerno Ave
Arroyo Reservoir
Arroyo Crest & Smiley
Heights Dr
Country Club Reservoirs
Country Club Dr & Verde
128
Vista Dr
Crafton College Reservoir
Dearborn Reservoir
Fifth Ave Reservoir
Highland Avenue Reservoir
Margarita Reservoir
Mill Creek Reservoir
Sand Canyon Reservoir
Crafton Hills Ridge Cir
500 N Dearborn St
Valencia Dr & King St
Parkford Dr & Marshall St
Margarita Dr & Marilyn In
3040 Mill Creek Rd
Campus Dr & Sand Canyon
Rd
Smiley Heights Reservoir
Smiley Heights Dr & Calle de
Las Palmas
South Ave Reservoir
Sunset Reservoir
Texas Grove Reservoir
Texas Street Site Reservoir
Ward Way Reservoir
Water Quality Lab
Julian Way Effluent Valve
(Tate)
Ward Way Valve
Well 38
Sunset Dr & Felisa Ct
13198 Helen Ct
1660 Texas St
1321 Texas St
1369 Fairview In
1950 Nevada St
3050 Mill Creek Rd
2594 Mill Creek Rd
11143 Nevada St
24" Highline Transmission
Pipeline
Zone 1570 Piping/water
distribution system
Zone 1750 Piping/water
distribution system
Zone 1900 Piping/water
distribution system
Various
Various
Various
Various
University of Redlands
Kaiser Permanente Redlands
Medical
Redlands Community Hospital
ESRI
Beaver Medical Group
Arroyo Verde Elementary
School)
Beattie Middle School
1301 California Street
350 Terracina Boulevard
380 New York Street
2 West Fern Avenue
7701 Church Street,
Highland, CA 92346
7800 Orange St , Highland
CA, 92346
Bryn Mawr Elementary School
Citrus Valley High School
11680 Whittier Ave , Loma
Linda CA, 92354
800 West Pioneer Ave ,
Redlands, CA, 92374
Clement Middle School
Cope Middle School
Crafton Elementary School
Cram Elementary School
501 East Pennsylvania Ave ,
Redlands CA, 92374
1000 West Cypress Ave ,
Redlands CA, 92373
311 North Wabash Ave ,
Redlands CA, 92374
29700 Water St , Highland
CA, 92346
1969
1989
1990
2004
1990
2009
50,911
92,310
7,564 68*
26,053 12*
63,605
N/A
1961
1964
1956
1957
133,124
160,739
10,806 60*
N/A
20,428 36*
25,046 61*
1936
1965
1997
69,931
52,814
9,224 26*
7,696 27*
129
Franklin Elementary School
850 East Colton Ave ,
Redlands CA, 92374
1955
1969
70,450
11,455 98*
Highland Grove Elementary
7700 Orange St , Highland
2005
46,549
11,375 73*
School
CA, 92346
Judson & Brown Elementary
School
1401 E Pennsylvania Ave ,
Redlands CA, 92374
2006
42,344
13,216 96*
Kimberly Elementary School
301 West South Ave ,
1956
74,670
9,357 75*
Redlands CA, 92373
1963
Kingsbury Elementary School
600 Cajon St , Redlands CA,
92373
1968
62,205
8,618 97*
Lugonia Elementary School
202 East Pennsylvania Ave ,
1955
58,856
9,258 99*
Redlands CA, 92374
1963
Mariposa Elementary School
30800 Palo Alto Dr ,
Redlands CA, 92373
1964
56,613
7,664 47*
McKinley Elementary School
645 West Olive Ave ,
1938
52,529
8,222 37*
Redlands CA, 92373
1966
Mentone Elementary School
1320 Crafton Ave ,
Mentone CA, 92359
1949
43,566
6,651 36*
Mission Elementary School
10568 California Street,
1938,
62,341
11,004 51*
Redlands, CA 92374
1965
1970
Moore Middle School
1550 East Highland Ave ,
Redlands CA, 92374
1965
144,730
22,765 39*
Orangewood High School
515 Texas St , Redlands CA,
1940,
42,142
5,845 34*
(Continuation)
92374 1955,
1990
1992
Redlands East Valley High
School
31000 East Colton Ave ,
Redlands CA, 92374
1995
326,895
55,068 16*
Redlands High School
840 East Citrus Ave ,
1928
393,384
64,529 62*
Redlands CA, 92374
1970
Smiley Elementary School 1210 West Cypress Ave ,
1952, 68,896
9,502 79*
Redlands CA, 92373 1963
1980
Victoria Elementary School
1505 Richardson St , San
1949
49,264
7,027 26*
Bernardino CA, 92408
1967
Central Administration/
7 West Delaware St,
1970
11,830
1,744 39*
Enrollment Center
Redlands, CA 92374
1991
District Office North
20 West Lugonia Ave ,
Redlands, CA 92346
1970
30,213
5,793 59*
District Office South
25 West Lugonia St ,
1937
13,979
2,699 90*
Redlands, CA 92346
1992
Supply Center 250 Church Street,
Redlands, CA 92374
1973
37,192
3,744 82*
Transportation
956 East Citrus Ave ,
Redlands, CA 92374
1929
6,670
527 12*
*- Replacement Value ($1,000)
130
Table APP2 Number of Structures on Redlands Unified School District Campuses
of Iui
ding•
Arroyo Verde Elementary School
Permanent
Portable
24
11
Beattie Middle School
8
3
Bryn Mawr Elementary School
26
11
Citrus Valley High School
N/A
N/A
Clement Middle School
35
25
Cope Middle School
42
24
Crafton Elementary School
21
12
Cram Elementary School
27
19
Franklin Elementary School
7
2
Highland Grove Elementary School
6
0
Judson & Brown Elementary School
9
0
Kimberly Elementary School
21
13
Kingsbury Elementary School
12
6
Lugonia Elementary School
19
7
Mariposa Elementary School
16
10
McKinley Elementary School
12
6
Mentone Elementary School
26
19
Mission Elementary School
11
6
Moore Middle School
25
15
Orangewood High School (Continuation)
19
8
Redlands East Valley High School
83
69
Redlands High School
83
48
Smiley Elementary School
11
1
Victoria Elementary School
22
12
Central Administration/ Enrollment Center
3
0
District Office -North
4
3
District Office - South
9
5
Supply Center
5
2
Transportation
3
1
TOTA
131
Appendix 6 List of Significant Earthquakes in California Since 1700
Date
Magnitude
Name, Location, or Region
Affected
Loss of Life and Property
1700, Jan 26
9 0
Offshore, somewhere between
Cape Mendocino and Canada
Limited data available, magnitude is an estimate
Shook northern California, Oregon, Washington,
and southern British Columbia, caused tsunami
damage to villages in Japan and western US
1857, Jan 9
7 9
Great Fort Tejon earthquake
1 dead, damage from Monterey to San
Bernardino County
1906, Apr 18
7 8
Great 1906 San Francisco
Earthquake and Fire
3,000 dead, $524 million in property damage
(includes damage from fire)
1838, Jun
7 4
San Francisco to San Juan
Bautista
Limited data available, magnitude is an estimate
Damage to San Francisco and Santa Clara
1872, Mar 26
7 4
Owens Valley
27 dead, 56 injured, $250,000 in property
damage
1980, Nov 8
7 4
West of Eureka
6 injured, $2 million in property damage
1812, Dec 8
7 3
Wrightwood
Limited data available, magnitude is an estimate
40 dead at San Juan Capistrano
1892, Feb 24
7 3
Laguna Salida, Baja California
Damage to San Diego and Imperial Valley
1922, Jan 31
7 3
Offshore, about 70 mi W of
Eureka
1952, Jul 21
7 3
Kern County earthquake
12 dead, $60 million in property damage
1954, Dec 16
7 3
Fairview Peak, near Fallon, NV
1992, Jun 28
7 3
Landers
1 dead, 402 injured, $91 1 million in property
damage
1923, Jan 22
7 2
Off Cape Mendocino
Destructive in Humboldt County, strongly felt in
Reno
1932, Dec 21
7 2
Cedar Mountain, near Gabbs,
NV
1992, Apr 25
7 2
Petrolia
356 injured, $48 3 million in property damage
1812, Dec 21
7 1
Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa
Barbara
Limited data available, magnitude is an estimate
1 dead
1927, Nov 4
7 1
40 km west of Lompoc
Damage in Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo
counties
1954, Dec 16
7 1
Dixie Valley, near Fallon, NV
1868, Oct 21
7 0
Hayward Fault
30 dead, $350,000 in property damage
1899, Apr 16
7 0
Offshore, about 80 miles west
of Eureka
1934, Dec 31
7 0
In Mexico, about 100 miles SE
of El Centro
1940, May 19
7 0
Imperial Valley
9 dead, $6 million in property damage
1991, Aug 17
7 0
Offshore, about 100 miles NW
of Eureka
Preceded by two quakes (M 6 3 and 6 2) on Aug
16 and 17
1994, Sep 1
7 0
Offshore, about 70 miles W of
Cape Mendocino
1873, Nov 23
6 9
Crescent City region
Damage in California -Oregon border area
1989, Oct 17
6 9
Loma Prieta
63 dead, 3,737 injured, $6 billion in property
damage
1872, Mar 26
6 8
Owens Valley
Aftershock of previous entry
1872, Apr 11
6 8
Owens Valley
Aftershock of March 26, 1872 quake
1890, Feb 9
6 8
San Jacinto fault?
Little damage
1918, Apr 21
6 8
San Jacinto
1 dead, several injuries, $200,000 in property
damage
1925, Jun 29
6 8
Santa Barbara
13 dead, $8 million in property damage
1954, Jul 6
6 8
Rainbow Mountain, near
Fallon, NV
1999, Oct 16
7 1
Bullion Mountains (Hector
Mine)
Minimal injuries and damage due to sparse
population in affected area
1954, Aug 24
6 8
Rainbow Mountain, near
Fallon, NV
1976, Nov 26
6 8
Offshore, about 100 mi WNW
of Eureka
1898, Apr 15
6 7
Fort Bragg - Mendocino
Limited data available, magnitude is an estimate
Damage from Fort Bragg to Mendocino, 3
houses collapsed, landslides reported
1899, Dec 25
6 7
San Jacinto and Hemet
6 dead, $50,000 in property damage
1994, Jan 17
6 7
Northridge
57 dead, more than 9,000 injured, about $40
billion in property damage
1892, Apr 19
6 6
Vacaville
1 dead, $225,000 in property damage
1915, Nov 21
6 6
In Mexico, about 60 miles S of
El Centro
1941, Feb 9
6 6
Offshore, about 65 miles W of
Eureka
1954, Dec 21
6 6
East of Arcata
1 dead, several injured, $2 1 million in property
damage
1968, Apr 8
6 6
Borrego Mountain
1971, Feb 9
6 6
San Fernando
65 dead, more than 2,000 injured, $505 million
in losses
1987, Nov 24
6 6
Superstition Hills
part of above damage
1992, Apr 26
6 6
Petrolia
Aftershock of the Apr 25 quake
1992, Apr 26
6 6
Petrolia
Another aftershock of Apr 25 quake
1852, Nov 29
6 5
Near Fort Yuma, Arizona
Limited data available, magnitude is an estimate
1860, Mar 15
6 5
Carson City
Limited data available, magnitude is an estimate
1865, Oct 8
6 5
Santa Cruz Mountains
$0 5 million in property damage
1918, Jul 15
6 5
Offshore, about 40 W of Eureka
1934, Jul 6
6 5
Offshore, about 100 mi WNW
of Eureka
1934, Dec 30
6 5
In Mexico, about 40 miles S of
El Centro
1947, Apr 10
6 5
East of Yermo
1956, Feb 9
6 5
In Mexico, about 80 miles SW
of El Centro
1979, Oct 15
6 5
Imperial Valley
9 injured, $30 million in property damage
1992, June 28
6 5
Big Bear
Included with Landers losses, above
2003, Dec 22
6 5
San Simeon
133
1836, Jun 10
6 4
Near San Juan Bautista
Limited data available, magnitude is estimate
Older reports reported quake as possibly larger
and centered near Oakland
1898, Mar 31
6 4
Mare Island
$350,000 in property damage
1991, Jul 12
6 6
Offshore west of Crescent City
1899, Jul 22
6 4
Wrightwood
Chimneys knocked down, landslides reported
1911, Jul 1
6 4
Morgan Hill area
1933, Mar 11
6 4
Long Beach
115 dead, $40 million in property damage
1942, Oct 21
6 4
About 25 miles W of
Westmoreland
1983, May 2
6 4
Coalinga
1986, Jul 21
6 4
Chalfant Valley
1800, Nov 22
6 3
San Diego/San Juan Capistrano
region
Limited data available, magnitude is an estimate
Damaged adobe walls of missions in San Diego
and San Juan Capistrano
1922, Mar 10
6 3
Parkfield
1995, Feb 19
6 3
Offshore, about 70 miles W of
Cape Mendocino
1980, May 25
6 2
Mammoth Lakes
1984, Apr 24
6 2
Morgan Hill
$8 million in property damage
1908, Nov 4
6 0
SW of Death Valley
1948, Dec 4
6 0
East of Yermo
1980, May 25
6 0
Mammoth Lakes
1987, Oct 1
6 0
Whittier Narrows
8 dead, $358 million in property damage to
10,500 homes and businesses
134